Hazards from the Universe :: Ecology Ecological Papers

Hazards from the Universe There are several perilous conditions that exist in our vast universe that could directly impact life as we know it on Earth. These hazards include meteors, asteroids, emission of charged solar particles, supernovas, and problems caused by man. Although the odds of these dangers directly harming Earth’s population are extremely low, if not impossible altogether, something about pending apocalypse seems to excite the human mind. The possibility of a meteorite or asteroid of significant size colliding into Earth poses as a legitimate threat to our planet. Most meteorites are miniscule and cause little harm. In fact, as many as four billion meteorites enter Earth’s atmosphere every day. However, only the larger meteors reach the earth because smaller ones burn up in the atmosphere. A large meteor impact, while rare, should still cause some concern. Barringer Crater in Arizona was formed from an iron meteor approximately 30-50 meters in diameter. Other such large meteors ar e often held accountable for the seemingly sudden extinction of dinosaurs. Based upon scientific calculations, three craters of at least 10 km are expected to form on the earth every million years. While these larger meteors are rare, any oncoming asteroid could be pushed off course by the use of rockets or explosives (Bray, 1999). Meteorites are dangerous, but the asteroids which they come from are even worse. Most asteroids are found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. However, the scientists at the Lincoln Near Earth Asteroid Research Project recently detected an asteroid 2km wide which was originally predicted to collide with the Earth on February 1, 2019, with possible catastrophic implications. Fortunately, it is believed that this particular asteroid threat will disappear. Still, the public is aware of how threatening an asteroid could be. Hollywood has added to the apocalyptic hysteria surrounding asteroids by releasing movies like Armageddon and Deep Impact. While there is no reason to panic right now, asteroids should be feared because an impact would cause extreme and possibly fatal destruction. Violent eruptions of gas on the Sun’s surface called solar flares can send solar charged particles towards Earth and appear to be possible threats to the safety of mankind. These expulsions of charged particles come from the sun flares’ relationship with sun spots. Sun spots are cooler and darker regions of the Sun where the solar magnetic field extends off of the Sun’s surface. When the charged particles ejected from the sun reach Earth and enter its upper atmosphere, they react with present atoms and can cause major disturbances to satellites and terrestrial communications systems such as T.

John Locke : Second Treaties of Government Essay

John Locke was born on August 29, 1632 in England to a middle class family. He was named after his father, an educated attorney who had participated in the Civil War with the Long Parliamentary. Locke shared a great deal of affection and respect for his father. The relationship he built with his father influenced him to create his own views on education and government. His theory on education was published in 1693 titled, â€Å"Some Thoughts Concerning Education. † Locke was accepted to Christ Church College, Oxford due to father’s friendship with a member of the Long Parliament. The Long Parliment was known to challenge the monarchy in England at the time and later started the English Civil War. Locke attended Oxford for many years studying the curriculum in England and graduated with a Masters in 1658, pursuing his interests in arts. Later he became increasingly interested in the study of sciences including the study of medicine, which were on the rise in England Universities at the time. His interests in science continued to expand and he continued to apply himself to the study of medicine. While studying medicine Locke became interested in the philosophical questions of his time, including the rights of man. The rights of man deal with the powers of government to wit, government by the king through a monarchy and the power of the people through a social contract. Since 1660 Locke began to explore his interest in the natural law. Within the next couple of years he composed â€Å"Essays on the Law of Nature† written in Latin. Unfortunately for Locke his Essays were never published, these theories of law were based on two of his philosophies. First, â€Å"in order that anyone may understand that he is bound by a law, he must know before hand that there is a law. † Secondly, â€Å"there is some will on the part of that superior power, the law maker, who wishes that we do this and demands of us that the conduct of our life should be in accordance with his will. † Locke’s interest in science and medicine brought him into contact with a distinguished scientist named Robert Boyle. In 1667, Locke took a position at Lord Ashley’s household in London as a family physician, in addition to confidential advisor and secretary. In 1668, Locke assisted Lord Ashley in drafting a constitution for the colony of Carolina. In 1671, Locke began to write his greatest work, the â€Å"Essay Concerning Human Understanding. † This took nearly twenty years to complete. Since then he was deeply engaged in Shaftesbury’s political affairs as Secretary of Council a position he obtained while being a secretary for Shaftesbury. In 1675, Locke became ill and lost his position working for Shaftesbury. Due to unstable government conditions Shaftesbury fell from power and Locke was forced to leave England, choosing to recuperate in France. He spent nearly four years in Paris and Montpellier studying at medical school. During his exile in France Locke also took the time to develop his thoughts on Natural Law by composing, Two Treaties of Government. His writings deal with the development of a social contract, which is an agreement between the government and the governed. Locke later returned to England in 1679, he once again committed himself to offer services for Lord Ashley immediately upon his return to England. Four years later it was necessary for Lord Ashley to flee from England to Holland because he had supported the wrong leader during the Monmouth rebellion in 1685. Shortly after Ashley fled from England, Locke followed him and remained in Holland until the Revolution of 1688. Upon returning to England, Locke began to rapidly issue a number of his works he concluded while in Holland, the result of years of study and meditation. Among his works were the, Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Two Treatises of Government, and Letters on Toleration. His positive outlook on the importance of a mutual relationship between government and human nature, exerted an immediate and profound influence on the English. Locke’s views were immediately recognized among the English specifically his work on the Two Treatises of Government. Locke’s essay was written in such a way, to elaborate in detail about topics the people were already familiar with. Even the most uneducated candidate could recognize his premise on the philosophical views on government. Two Treatises of Government includes essays supporting the natural rights of society which guarantees our rights to life, liberty, and property. The term right, can be defined as a privilege or power, meaning a freedom or ability to do or refrain from doing something. Natural Rights, specifically emphasize the restraints that ought to exist on government with respect to individuals. This includes what a government must refrain from doing and what a government must do. In Locke’s Second Treaties of Government he discusses the natural liberty and equality of humans, which includes our natural rights to life, liberty, and property. He also determines the proper foundation of a legitimate government. Through supporting and insisting on the mutual consent given by the people of a specific society. Locke’s Theory of Natural Law was based on the moral laws societies are built on, including the establishment of peace and protection so that â€Å"no one will harm another person in their life, liberty, or possession. † Preservation of peace, equality, and independence among all people begins with, the power placed on people in a given society to obey the common laws of nature. When these powers being to get corrupted or not enforced through strict, certain, and fair punishment. The need for an elected and coherent government is required to properly secure the natural rights of peace and self preservation among a society. Locke then begins to explain to us the â€Å"natural state of man. † He describes that living among a state of nature, people in a society have the freedom to do as they please, with limitations and respects to other people. Locke states that this â€Å"state of liberty,† comes with the limitations so not â€Å"to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions. † Locke also notes that, â€Å"all men may be restrained from invading others rights and from doing hurt to one another. † By saying this he is trying to define the equalities of man and their duties to each other in a community to live in peace. If for any reason there becomes the need to seek punishment for anyone who â€Å"has shown themselves dangerous to mankind. † Through an executive power there will be opportunities available to man, not only to receive reparation for damages but to do as necessary to â€Å"secure the innocent for the future. † Locke’s theory on the â€Å"natural liberty† of man holds that â€Å"man is to be free from any superior power. † This means that for a person in a society, no other power but his own ability to do and refrain from doing is within his own will. Any limitation which requires to be placed on a behavior that is part of the natural common code of conduct, must be established through consent by the legislative power of government and for the good of all the people among the community. Locke claims that the â€Å"natural liberty of man is to be free from any superior power† and to have â€Å"only the law of nature for his rule. † This means that the laws which exist are established for the people and by the people in a society. They are created for coexistence among one another and no one can enforce or take away this common practice. These natural laws were created for the good of everyone, so the people who perform up to these standards gave trust that the enacted and enforced laws will prevail on their behalf. Locke then explains the â€Å"origins of property. † He begins by confirming that although man does have a power and liberty over his life. He does not have power to dispose of his own life. In a brief statement Locke states, â€Å"Man has property in his own person† including â€Å"the labor of his body and the work of his hands. † By saying this Locke expresses his views on human nature and our ability to acquire property. He is saying that we are all property acquiring beings, and our claim or possession to this property derives from our physical work. We as individuals in a society attempt to put effort to obtain something we value, and create an appreciation for what we have through labor. So in a sense the labor of man, according to Locke is the source of all value. The amount of labor one puts into what he owns creates an appreciation of value because value is created through his labor. Since the creation of physical currency, paper money and coins, we in a society attempt to posses more property than we need to use. So people in a community are not guaranteed secure protection from this excess property. In order to protect our property and secure this right, Locke believes an elected government is needed to be established. With the consent of the people, the elected government takes responsibility to become the sole protector of their valuables. Locke’s political and legal thoughts on government created a justifiable pourpose for society to give power over to a elected ruler. First of all the â€Å"state of nature,† as described by Locke, is a society in which each man governs himself individually and there is no existence of a specific government rule. A society that lives by these laws can use their own cultural morals to govern themselves without a formal government, although every culture has their own interpretation of what is moral. Locke states otherwise in his writings in the Second Treaties of Government, to argue that an elected government by society is necessary. Thomas Jefferson later includes parts of Locke’s political philosophy when composing the Declaration of Independence. Based entirely on Locke’s theory of natural political equality, Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence became one of the most important and influential documents that created a foundation for the legislative branch of government. Locke’s focus is primarily based on the ideas of freedom and equality as a whole he believes that society should naturally possess the right to life liberty and property. These natural rights have derived from the law of nature, which are composed based on the laws of God. These laws are also known as moral laws. Locke believed that people that live in a state of nature are also living in a state of war. Since there is only the state of nature for their rule, there is no determination of what is considered equality and who has the power to balance peace. John Locke’s Two Treatise of Government also includes a definition of government, in which the people conform to the law or to rules which are entered based on logic or justification. In relation to members of society conforming to these laws, the same government must guarantee protection from taking away any of their natural rights. Locke’s view on valid government is one that confirms and supports three main natural laws of life, liberty and property. In defining political power, Locke insists that it is proper to make laws â€Å"for the regulating and preserving of property,† and adds, that it is necessary for, â€Å"the execution of such laws in the defense of the common-wealth from foreign injury. † By saying this Locke supports and confirms that an established government is needed â€Å"for the public good. † Locke explains that â€Å"the reason why men enter into society, is the preservation of their property. â€Å" He adds that the citizens of a new established government â€Å"have a right to resume their original liberty ?by the establishment of a new legislative,† when any natural rights are threatened. Locke then continues to describe the separation between the powers of government and the powers of the governed. Including what creates a community under an elected government and who determines what political actions are for the good of the entire society. This is explained further when Locke says â€Å"for when any number of men have, by the consent of every individual, made a community, they have thereby made that community one body, with a power to act as one body, which is only by the will and determination of the majority. † When entering into a established society we assume our rights to enjoy our property in peace and safety. In order to be given this opportunity, Locke believes it is first necessary to establish a Legislative power for the good of all members of a society. The legislative power is to promote and guarantee preservation of all natural rights including safety for every person among the society. This legislative power thought does not have an absolute power, instead the power is offered based on the decisions as a majority given by the members in that society. This procedure is used so that any laws created will become an obligation on the members to cooperate with them because they have consented to a legislative power. This separates a government rule with supreme power from government rule by the power of the people. Since this power is created through consideration of the common wealth of the public good. Locke’s perception of a monarchy consisted of the idea that the people of a community experienced corruption due to absolute power given to one leader, the king. This lead to vicious rule and caused the people in the society to be force to live in conditions they did not deserve. In a monarchy the king would normally use his own judgments and digression to use his appointed power for the good of himself. This results in oppressing the people and leaving no opportunity to compromise the need for change. Under a monarchy rule there was an insufficient opportunity to dispute any privileges or restrictions. Enforcing laws or withholding natural rights under a monarchy rule hold no limitations because there is no restraint on the ruling of the king. By granting the powers of government in one person this will not guarantee a fair and honest approach for the common good. So Locke attempts to discuss and examine a system that will refrain from granting the powers of government to strictly one individual. Limitation and separation of powers of the government will restrain and prevent members of government from abusing the powers of governing a society. Establishing a government through the consent of all members of society will create trust that the laws and sanctions will prevail for the common good. Locke then explains that when being born into an established government we assume our rights to enjoy our property in peace and safety. In order to be given equal opportunity to enjoy our natural rights, Locke believes it is first necessary to establish a legislative power that will consider all members of a society. The creation of a legislative power is to promote and guarantee preservation of all natural rights including safety for every person who is a participant of that community. Most of John Locke’s writing also focuses on two branches of government known as the legislative and executive power. These branches of government are based on a constitutional state, where one leader does not have the authority to absolute power. The Legislative branch of government has the function of making laws. The Executive branch has the responsibility to carry out those laws created by the Legislative branch. This is to ensure that an elected government does not use only his own digressions when establishing laws and enforcing them. Locke states that by separating the authority and responsibilities of government into two separate branches, is the first positive approach of creating a valid constitution. These powers are required to be handled for the good of all members in society, by separating these powers there is no chance that the government will become corrupted. The purpose of John Locke’s composed writings attempt to encourage the need for a government which creates a foundation for the good of all members of society. In the process of offering order and peace for the common good of all the people members of the society must follow these rules. To establish a successful government Locke believes that it is necessary to obtain consent from the entire member. The purpose of creating a specific government is due to the unstable conditions of living in a state of nature. Living in a state of nature guarantees natural rights and freedom but not safety. This is why a power needs to be placed in the hands of a member from society to maintain the peace. Although living in society like a monarchy, under the ruling of a king can create unbalance and corruption of power. To enjoy both natural rights and live under a government that will prevail on behalf of its members. Following the establishment of government Locke then explains that the powers of making laws and enforcing them cannot be placed on one person. Placing absolute power in the hands of one person will only lead to corruption and unbalance, between all the members in the society. For this reason Locke requires a separation of powers among all government activity. This will balance and maintain a system that will stabilized living conditions for all the members of society. REFRENCES: Christie C. George, Martin H. Patrick. (1995). Jurisprudence; Text & Readings on the Philosophy of Law (3rd Edition). Natural Rights, Human Rights: John Locke (pgs 284 -342). St. Paul, MN : West Publishing Company.

Developing Long Lasting Employee Motivation Essay

In order to be successful in the work field you need motivation. Without it, you would not be able to work because motivation is directly related to physical and mental focus. Once you become focused you become a team player. Knowing your role in the workplace can only lead to good things, like moving up in the company, getting promoted, getting a raise, switching job locations and showing your employer how much his investment in you is worth. Motivation comes from the ability to reflect on yourself and your team. That’s why being a team leader and making insightful statements will keep you going. There are many ways to develop long lasting employee motivation in the workplace. For example a simple pay increase that is awarded to an employee who has excelled in performance and productivity. Many companies allow this type of award but with restrictions regarding timeframes and limits. Second is Recognition. This is a great way to show others how great your employee is doing. Express to them how you notice that they come to work on time everyday, how they are always the first to participate in group meetings or work events. Recognition is very important to the employees because it shows you are paying attention and acknowledging what it is that they are doing. Many employees would like to advance in their career/field, but for most of the time don t inquire about it. Managers can still motivate employees that they feel are promotable. A simple conversation alone willShow MoreRelatedManagement Learning, Performance And Reward : Theory And Practice818 Words   |  4 Pages and whether these HR tools contribute to an organization’s effectiveness and by acting as a competitive advantage. This speaks to whether the the leadership has integrated the concept of individuals learning with the organization learning and developing as a whole. We picked this article because it pertains to our study of incentivizing desired behaviors. Performance management is an important aspect to organizational behavior. Human resources departments and managers utilize performance managementRead MoreRewarding Employees With Bonuses Or Fringe Benefits Essay1228 Words   |  5 PagesEg: Rewarding employees with bonuses or fringe benefits This solution will look more at inspiring motivation through monetary options. There are various monetary methods that could be implemented to increase employees’ motivation. First of all, business can offer rewards that employees value. There are many different types of rewards. In the workplace, rewards typically include money, promotions, increase of wages, job titles, attractive offices, praise from boss or peers, bonuses, and fringe benefitsRead MoreManagement Learning, Performance And Reward : Theory And Practice1179 Words   |  5 Pageswhether these HR tools contribute to an organization’s effectiveness by acting as a competitive advantage. An organization’s leadership needs to integrate the process of individuals learning with the idea that the organization should be learning and developing as a whole. We picked this article because it pertains to our study of incentivizing desired behaviors, and the apparent issue of companies rewarding noticeable ou tcomes rather than specific behaviors. Performance management is an important aspectRead MoreHuman Resources And Organizational Development1046 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Development Employee Empowerment Working together may be crucial since the individual functions of these two departments are not the same. The most important function of Organizational Development is to align the mission, values, and culture of the entire organization to create partnerships between employees and management. Their emphasis is on connecting the employees and departments to work as a team by instilling the company’s main beliefs. Many employers feel employee development shouldRead MoreControl Function Analysis : Change Management1507 Words   |  7 Pagesproductivity and increase profits. Employee loyalty is the commitment on the part of the employees to further the interests of an organization whereas motivation is the desire to work primarily because an employee wants to give his or her contribution in an organization. Employee’s loyalty and motivation are key factors for the success of any organization, therefore for a company to perform well in the long term the ultimate goal should be key employees’ retention and motivation. Many organization face challengesRead MoreControl Function Analysis : Change Management1488 Words   |  6 Pagesproductivity and increase profits. Employee loyalty is the commitment on the part of the employees to further the interests of an organization whereas motivation is the desire to work primarily because an employee wants to give his or her contribution in an organization.Employee’s loyalty and motivation are key factors for the success of any organization, therefore for a company to perform well in the long term the ultimate goal should be key employees’ retention and motivation. Many organization face challengesRead MoreCase Study: Club Med1409 Words   |  6 Pagessubordinates because of their similar outlook on life than that of someone from another country. Motivation is a major component in effectively reducing turnover. Many American GOs feel that they are not getting proper feedback from their respective chiefs, and subsequently the European chiefs do not consider the need to provide that feedback either. This plays a huge factor in motivation because how will you know what you are doing wrong when your supervisor does not tell you. The currentRead MoreWhat Strengths Of Organizational Leadership Presented By Sales And Marketing1635 Words   |  7 Pagesall stakeholders in all departments to measure employee satisfaction at all three organizations with concentration at (SS). The OD consultant will present summary to managers along with recommendations focusing on both quality and quantity for the organizational change plan. The OD consultant works with the executive team leaders to answer question related to the change plan and organizational structure by assisting to set realistic short term and long-term goals per department individually. AccordingRead MoreHuman Resources : A Business1272 Words   |  6 Pages Human Resources: A Businesses Edge to Prosperity In the Early 1900 s companies were beginning to take serious notes in their productivity. Looking into employee absenteeism, training, and turnover rates led the companies to see the importance of the workers and the management of which to use them. In the 1970 s the true introduction of Human resource management was developed and allowed the growth of large organizations that according to CreativeHRM said: a new wave of globalization has begunRead MoreManagement Changes Affects Employee Morale1398 Words   |  6 PagesManagement Changes Affects Employee Morale As the world changes, many organization may create changes to their company structure in order to remain successful and look good amongst shareholders. These organizational changes may be beneficial for the company overall. However, it may affect the remaining employee’s morale. Some organizations changes such as layoffs, reduce work hours, a stagnate in benefits increases and rewards may result in management trying to figure out a way to motivate and gain

The Female Pilots Of The United States During World War II

During World War II, the United States had a shortage of pilots, and the leaders decided to train women to fly military aircraft so male pilots could be released for combat duty overseas. The group of female pilots was called the Women Airforce Service Pilots, WASP for short. Young women between the ages of twenty-one to thirty-five, all civilian volunteers, flew almost every type of military aircraft but were not considered to be formally militarized. The program began in 1942, and was closed by 1944. But within this time frame, the female pilots flew sixty million miles in every military aircraft and thirty-eight died while serving their country as Army Air Corps arsenal. It wasn’t until many years later that the WASPS were finally given acknowledgement of their services and recognized as veterans of war. One member, Anne Chisholm Dessert Oliver, from Brandon Manitoba, Canada tells her story of her experience as a member of the WASP’s. Oliver, a French Canadian with dual citizenship knew at an early age she wanted to fly. During a trip to Colorado with her father, Oliver experienced her first flight at the county fair. It was at this moment she decided she wanted to become a pilot. Oliver’s father worked in the seed business and eventually moved to El Centro, California, where Oliver would eventually begin her journey as an iconic female pilot. Oliver and a friend bought shares in a small plane and began to take private lessons. During this time, she had heard of theShow MoreRelatedEssay On World War 2787 Words   |  4 PagesHidden Impacts in World War II World War Two ended after much hard work, followed with celebration and joy. But are the reasons we came to victory more than what we think? During the hard times we once faced, many brave women would sacrifice all they had to contribute to the war in some way. Even if it was something as simple as making inspirational posters, it still helped tremendously. In many ways, women who played a part in the war affected it greatly and the bravery they showed set a hugeRead MoreWorld War Ii And The United States Economy. When People1296 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War II and the United States Economy   Ã‚  Ã‚   When people think about World War II, they normally associate it with Hitler, genocide, the Great Depression, the Cold War, and other negative things; however, there were some positive impacts it had on the United States. Economically, the United States and other countries around the world were devastated by the crashing of the stock market. Unemployment rate was at a high point, Hitler was gaining control of Europe, and we were trying to remain isolationistsRead MoreWomen and their Involvement in World War II Essay787 Words   |  4 PagesInvolvement in World War II Women had a huge role in the World War II that so many do not recognize. Women were involved in many different jobs that allowed them to step out of the ordinary norm as the â€Å"typical housewife†, and dive into fierce hardworking jobs that until then only a man could do. Women jumped into the factories and many different roles that contributed to World War II, because the need for more American workers was crucial. A few roles of women prior to the World War I consistedRead MoreSarbashree Rayamajhi. En_101-A. Professor Jay Petrillo.1635 Words   |  7 Pagespart of aviation since earliest days yet they are in less number. From E.Lillian Todd, who designed aircraft in 1906 to Kate McWilliams, youngest pilot for the commercial airline, women have always contributed in aviation. Even though world’s gender split is 50.4% male, the disproportion of females in aviation is very disturbing as it is only 6% female and 94% male pilots.One of the main reason of this major disproportion is gender stereotype in aviation and high cost of pursuing aeronautics.TheRead MoreWomen During World War II1674 Words   |  7 PagesIn World War II, women contributed in many ways by entering the battle. Some of the jobs the women held were Army nurses, Red Cross members, factory work, etc. The United States were one of the few countries that put their women to work and was ridiculed for it. In 1948, President T ruman signed the Women s Armed Services Integration Act which authorized regular and reserve status for women in the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps. These women showed true leadership by becoming leaders in battleRead MoreStimulating Patriotism and Promoting Economic Prosperity during World War I777 Words   |  3 PagesWorld War II was of great importance to the United States of America. Women also had an important role in this war. The war effort stimulated patriotism and promoted economic prosperity. American industry quickly transformed to war production in order to contribute to the nation’s military necessities. When the men left to fight in war, women were left with the men’s duties back on the home front. During World War II, approximately 350,000 women served in the U.S. on the home front and overseas.Read MoreLife On The Home Front During World War II1717 Words   |  7 PagesMahmudul Rapi 841 Life on the Home Front During World War II During the 1930s. the United States faced one of the greatest economic depressions in history, known as the Great Depression. Since many people essentially manipulated the stock market to their advantage, they eventually got richer. However, on October 29,1929, the stock market crashed since so many people wanted to sell their stocks but so few people wanted to buy these products, which caused prices to collapse. This led up to issuesRead MoreChinese American Women Defense Workers During World War II912 Words   |  4 PagesDefense Workers in World War II,† the author focused on the development of Chinese American women’s accomplishments during World War II. Initially, after reading the essay, I felt a sense of pride and empowerment in my heritage as a half Chinese American woman. Zhao clearly states her thesis as the essay â€Å"focuses on the unique experience of Chinese American female defense workers in the San Francisco Bay Area.† I believe the authorâ€⠄¢s purpose is to educate readers of the World War II period which contributedRead More World War II as a Time of Opportunities for American Women Essay2234 Words   |  9 PagesWorld War II as a Time of Opportunities for American Women World War II was the catalyst that changed the opportunities available to women and eventually the way they were regarded as a viable workforce. Suddenly women throughout the United States were pushing themselves to their limits to support the war effort. Women were fulfilling jobs and responsibilities that many previously believed to be impossible for their gender. Opportunities were opened in steel plants, ammunition factoriesRead MoreRole of Women in Wwii4604 Words   |  19 PagesRole of Women in World War II â€Å"Our women are serving actively in many ways in this war, and they are doing a grand job on both the fighting front and the home front.† ~Eleanor Roosevelt, 1944 World War II (WWII) is often described as defining America’s â€Å"Greatest Generation.† That image was portrayed by a young, dapper, American airman, full of patriotism, courage, and a desire to make the world a better place. He was eager to conquer the world and return to the home front to make a better life

Essay on A.P.U.S.H unit 6 study guide - 4910 Words

Unit 6 Ch. 16-18 (Total Questions 79) CHAPTER SIXTEEN 1 Compare and contrast the Pacific Coast Indians with the Pueblos of the Southwest. The most important of all to the Northwest coast Indian peoples was the Raven. The Pueblo peoples lived in compact, permanent villages and resided in multifamily buildings. The women of a household cared for young children; cultivated spring-irrigated gardens. 2 What traits did the Plains tribes share, and what was the economic basis of the way of life for most Plains tribes? One of the most important traits shared by all Plains tribes was the fact that they all hunted bison or buffalo. This was also the economic basis of their way of life since hunting provided them with food and†¦show more content†¦12 Describe the composition and structure of the labor force in the West. How was it shaped by racial prejudice? 13 What were the principal gold and silver boom areas from 1858 to 1874? What other mineral extraction became economically important? Topaz if you went deep enough but it took a lot of time and money and people or workers. 14 Describe the typical pattern of development and decline in the mining regions. What was life like for men and women in the mining camps and towns? Mining life for the men was long days and tough work conditions that were often dangerous. In some towns the women also worked the mines but normally they were in charge of taking care of the homes. 15 Describe the origins, purposes, and practices of the long drive and the open range cattle industry. What ended this brief but colorful boom? What was the long-run nature of the cattle business? To transfer animals across the country to be used for other things. It failed after a while due to droughts and the freezes 16 How did the Wild West shows of Buffalo Bill Cody and others shape the popular image of the American West? Wild West Shows were traveling vaudeville performances in the United States and Europe. The first and prototypical wild west show was Buffalo Bills, formed in 1883 and lasting until 1913. The shows introduced many western performers and personalities, and a

The Learning Organisation

Question: Discuss about theLearning Organisation. Answer: Introduction: Many scholars have come up with different definitions of a leader. However, the definitions are correlated since they have elements that are overlapping. In brief, a leader is said to be a person who directs others towards achieving any set goal. There may exist differences in the definitions but the three common elements must feature. (McGill, 2011). They include the goals, the people being led and the one who is exercising authority upon them. Leadership is a skill that can be nurtured through learning. However, many people believe that leaders are just born. It is for this reason that we do not associate leadership with a position within an organisation or the government. For instance, there are individuals who occupy very influential offices yet they do not possess any of the leadership traits. (Harrison, 2015) A leader has the desire to achieve the desired goals. Consequently, they make every effort to achieve the goals despite the challenges that arise along the way. Leaders motivate others through service. Therefore they must commit themselves to a course that will portray them as an example to their subjects. (Nevis, 2009) John C. Maxwell perceives leadership in three dimensions through his statement that says: A leader is one who knows the way, goes the way and shows the way. The first aspect of leadership according to Maxwell depicts a leader as an individual who has a vision. A vision is an imaginary impression of how the future would be. The leader ought to have a blueprint of what they intend to achieve before they guide people in working towards the goal. (Kolb, 2006). The people are motivated when leaders take up the role to define a good vision. Leaders are charged with the responsibility to conceptualise the visions so that they can break it down for the people they lead. This calls for special skills in the management of the masses. In this case, leaders have to sharpen their communication proficiency. They must also strategise effectively in order to formulate clear and achievable visions. Sometimes the visions may need adjustments depending on the future environmental changes. The leaders s hould be flexible enough to make the alterations so as the organisation remains on course. It is for this reasons that Maxwell contends that leaders must know the way. (Argyris, 2013) The next aspect in Maxwells communication is that leaders should go the way. After setting the vision, efforts must be put in place to get to the reality of the imaginations. Leaders are expected to exhibit resilience because it is never an easy task. In order to achieve a wonderful goal, normally the challenges witnessed may discourage the people within the organisation. It is the duty of the leaders to keep up the fighting spirit. A leader should not be faint hearted. (Lhteenmki, 2007). This trait is disadvantageous especially in environments where there are many risks. Leaders who achieve success in the end always give priority to the most essential practices. They minimise risks by employing adequate management measures. This is a step that demands for sound decision making processes because it determines the direction which the organisation will take. (Azmi, 2008) The last item is that the leaders should show the way. Typically, leadership entails the capacity to influence. Maxwell believes that one qualifies to be a leader if they can convince the rest of the people to work towards realizing the objectives. They do so by providing a conducive environment and the requisite tools for working. Worker participation in the decision making process is an important ingredient for empowerment. A leader should create teams which can work in collaboration. By doing this, they serve as inspirational figures that the employees can look up to. The general conduct of a leader is paramount for the success of any organisation. (McGill, 2011). Many workers take up the behaviour of their leaders because they believe those are their role models. Maxwell highlights the need for the leaders to be all round individuals since they represent the whole organisation. National leaders are public figures that are monitored all over the world. The image of the country rel ies on the leaders hence the need for them to carry themselves with repute. We can use the analogy of Jesus Christ who is considered by many as the ultimate leader. He lived a life of example, in that he did what he said. Jesus exhibited the utmost will to achieve his vision when he offered himself on the cross so that every human kind may find salvation. (Azmi, 2008) There has been extensive scholarly research in the field of organisational learning. Many people want to gain insight in the systems through which organisational learning operates, how to come up with such organisations and the challenges experienced while learning. Organisational learning is a branch of Organisational Theory as a discipline. It is a conglomerate of many other subjects that border on creativity and innovation and the ability to communicate. Organisational Learning is specifically focused on the psychological spheres that are associated with any organisation. (Levinthal, 2014) Organisational Learning can be defined from two fronts. First, the behavioural aspects are analysed and then the thinking patterns follow. There are two schools of thought which try to unravel the mysteries that come with Organisational learning. The behavioural school bases its argument on how to do, whereas the cognitive school is limited to the mental patterns of thinking. (March, 2006). Learning is a process; the proponents of the cognitive school contend that our minds have special designs of thinking that help in the learning course. These designs guide in the interpretation of the existing surrounding and determine the reflex action to be undertaken in various situations. On the other hand, those who believe in the behavioural school of thought hold a contrasting opinion. They believe that learning occurs through direct physical confrontation with the environment. For example, one must perform an experiment to ascertain the physical changes that happen when an event takes plac e. (Lhteenmki, 2007) There are theories that explain the Organisational Learning concept. They were derived from both schools of thought. The adaptive and generative learning theory and the experiential theory are derivatives from the cognitive school. The assimilation theory is a product from the behavioural school. The experiential theory was coined from the word experience. The psychological welfare of an individual expands as they gain more familiarity with the learning environment. (Harrison, 2015). This theory is applicable in the leadership cycles in that individual skills are sharpened as time goes by. Learning is a repetitive procedure that enables leaders to interact with the environment. They conduct experiments which present challenges to them. Such experiments require an intensive formulation of possible solutions hence the development of the thinking patterns. (Levinthal, 2014) The adaptive and generative theory calls for a broader view of the world phenomena. The imaginary patterns are based on a deeper perspective of the nature of the environmental aspects. In this sense, the elements incorporated in the experimentation process cover a wider scope. Much information is sought from a group of disciplines in order to come up with a hybrid mental pattern. (Harrison, 2015) Lastly is the assimilation theory. While the initial theories focus on the thinking process, this theory is based on the behaviour changes in the learning process. It describes the development along the cycle, giving evidence that is quantifiable. The evidence is collected through observation, which is contrary to the other approaches that are purely psychological. The assimilation process follows a systematic procedure that forms a full cycle of action related learning. (March, 2006) Having examined the three theories, the next step is to relate them to John C. Maxwells premise that a leader knows the way, goes the way and shows the way. In the discussion above, there is mention that a good leader must have a clear vision. For any organisation to achieve its targets, leaders must set achievable visions. The experiential theory can come to play in this scenario since leadership is a critical aspect. Leaders who have vast experience are bound to make sound decisions since they are knowledgeable. Some decisions can be made following the precedential judgements that were made in the past. Experience comes with resilience. A leader who is experienced can withstand tougher challenges. (Kolb, 2006) Maxwell also argues that a leader should go the way. The dynamics of the world are very demanding. Organisations should be led in a manner that is flexible so as to adapt to the changing environment. For this reason, the adaptive and generative theory of learning is employed. It is an established fact that the theory is a conglomerate of vast disciplines. The implication of this is that leaders should be ready to accommodate any situation because organisations are faced with many challenges. (Hodgkinson, 2009) In Maxwells principle, the last item is for a leader to show the way. The most applicable theory is the assimilation theory which is based on observation. In this case, leaders can perform experiments to their subjects so that they learn how to carry out organisational duties. Formally, this idea is carried out through trainings. Workers often go through a systematic tuition that enables them to acquire skills. (Isaacs, 2015) References Argyris, C. (2013). Teaching Smart People How To Learn. Harvard Business Review, Argyris, C., Schon, D. A. (2009). Organizational learning: A theory in action perspective.Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Azmi, F. T. (2008). Organizational learning: Crafting a strategic framework. ICFAI Business Strategy, Harrison, R. (2015). Learning, knowledge productivity and strategic progress: International Training Development Hodgkinson, M. (2009). The Learning Organization and Emergent Strategies. Strategic Change Isaacs, W. N. (2015). Taking Flight: Dialogue, Collective Thinking, and Organizational Learning. Organizational Dynamics, Kolb, D. (2006). Experiential Learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Harvard Business Review Lhteenmki, S.M. (2007). Critical Aspects of Organizational Learning Research and Proposals For Its Measurement. British Institute of Management Levinthal, D. A. (2014). The Myopia of Learning. Strategic Management. March, J. G. (2006). Exploration and Exploitation in Organized Learning. Organization Science McGill, M. E. (2011). The Smarter Organization: How to build a business that learns and adapts to marketplace. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Nevis, E. C. (2009). Understanding Organizations as Learning Systems. MIT Sloan Management Review

Climate Change and Public Health for Temperature- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theClimate Change and Public Health forIrregular Temperature. Answer: Introduction: Climate change is becoming noticeable in India due to change in sea level, irregular precipitation and irregular temperature. Most of the developing countries like India share less percentage in the global greenhouse gas emissions. However, it has major impact on health of their own population. Along with health of the people, this climate change also affected agriculture because majority of the population of India is agriculture based (Wiley and Gostin, 2009). Hence, climate change imposed heavy economic burden on India because Indian Government need to invest in addressing climate change issues and there is loss of productivity due to effect on agriculture. It can also lead to global health disparities. High risk areas for climate change include shortage of resources, environmental deprivation, high rates of infectious disease, scarcity of infrastructure, and overpopulation. Tropical regions are most susceptible for the host-pathogen interaction due to the climate cha nge. Alterations in the temperature and precipitation patterns can alter ecology of vector-borne diseases (Dhiman et al., 2008). Most susceptible populations for these vector-borne diseases include older people, children, rural populations, and the poor. India is one of the most diverse countries in the world. India has geographical and climatic diverse regions. India is having 1/6 of worlds population, 1/50 of worlds land and 1/25 of world water (Singh et al., 2010). Hence, identifying relation between climate change and health issues in India would be helpful in developing warning alarms and prevention strategies that could be applicable all over the world. Climate change India: It has been warned that glaciers are receding with rate of 10 15 metres per year. With this increasing rate there can be flooding in the river valleys. It can lead to reduced flow and less availability of water for drinking and irrigation (Keqin et al., 2007). In 20th century, 0.5? C temperature rises was observed in India. It has been predicted that, same can continue upto 2030. More importantly this rise in temperature can reach upto 2-4 C by the end of this century. Northern part of India would be more affected by this rise in the temperature and it can lead to augmented levels of tropospheric ozone pollution. End of the 20th century in India was observed as warmer than previous 300 years. This increase in temperature is continuing and in future also this temperature would increase (Saran and Jones, 2016). It is evident from the studies that monsoon in the south part of India exhibited less rainfall in recent past. This lessened rainfall has been corelated with the increased monsoon winds over the western Arabian sea. It resulted in increased temperature in the southern part of the India. Since, 1970s, there is upward trend in the tropical storms and hurricanes in India. These storm were with longer duration and greater intensity and these occurred mainly due to increase in the tropical sea surface temperature (Ghosh, 2016). In last 50 years it has been observed that warm extremes are associated with more heat waves and cold extremes were warmed more as compared to the warm extremes. Hence, there were less frost days. This resulted in the increased frequency of heavy precipitation. Between 1900 to 1999, there was consistent warming in upper 100 m tropical and eastern subtropical Indian ocean. This warming was less during 1900 to 1970, however between 1971 to 1999, there was significant increase in temperature. In few of these decades, increase in temperature was more than 0.2? C. Between, 1900 to 2005, there was increase in precipitation by 20 % per century. However, there was dramatic decrease in the precipitation from 1979 to 2005 (Dubash, 2012). As India is geographically diverse country, in different states light variation in the temperate and rainfall were observed over the period of 1951-2010. In states like Punjab and Haryana there was decrease in temperature of 0.01?C per year, while in states like Himachal Pradesh there was increase in temperature by 0.06? C per year. Average increase in temperature in India between 1951-2010 was 0.01 C per year. It was observed that between 1951-2010, there was increase in rainfall in in state like West Bengal by +3.63 mm/year, while there was decrease in rainfall in states like Utter Pradesh and Andaman and Nicobar by 4.42 and 7.77 mm/year respectively. Average decrease in rainfall in India between 1951-2010 was 2.21 mm/year. Climate change varied in India based on the season. There was increase in temperature by 0.01C per year between 1951-210 in monsoon season. In winter season, this increase in temperature was by 0.02C per year from 1951-2010. Reverse trend was observed in terms o f rainfall in summer and monsoon season in India in last 50 years. There was increase in rainfall in summer season by 0.33 mm/year from 1951-2010, while there was decrease in rainfall in monsoon season by 0.70 mm/year from 1951-2010. It has been predicted that, there would be slight decrease in the precipitation in the initial decades. However, by 2100, there would be overall increase in rain in India. By 2050, there would be reduced rainy days in a year, however, there would be increase in days with extreme rainfall on a single day (Malone and and Brenkert, 2008; OBrien et al., 2004; Singh et al., 2011). Adaptation and mitigation strategies and policies: India implemented National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) for mitigation and adaptation of climate change. NAPCC runs several steps simultaneously to mitigate climate change and advance Indias development. It includes several missions like National Solar Mission, National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, National Mission on Sustainable Habitat, National Water Mission, National Mission for Sustaining The Himalayan Ecosystem, Green India Mission and National and National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture. NAPCC has objective to promote production and utilization of solar energy for power generation. Hence, it can be competition for the fossil based energy options. National solar mission include activities like launch of solar research centre, collaborative work with international organisations for technology development and transfer, augmentation in the domestic solar production capacity and augmentation in Government f unding (Pandve, 2008). In National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, NAPPC makes mandatory for large industries to use energy in controlled quantity with documentation of data for the utilisation of energy. Government is offering trade savings certificates to the industries and providing finance to the industries to establish public-private partnerships to reduce utilization of energy. In National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, NAPCC recommends energy efficiency in urban areas by establishing Energy Conservation Building Code and promoting automotive fuel economy standards, use of energy efficiency vehicles and public transportation. It includes water management and recycling mainly through rain water harvesting. Importance has been given to the research and development of integrated Gasification Combined Cycle IGCC and supercritical technologies. According to Electricity Act 2003 and the National Tariff Policy 2006, Government should purchase specific amount of electricity from grid-based power from renewable sources. According to Energy Conservation Act 2001, should take energy audits and energy labelling programmes on regular basis. In National Water Mission, NAPCC aim to improve use of water by 20 % and to work upon water scarcity (Pandve, 2009). National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem incorporate measures to be taken to stop melting of the Himalayan glaciers. Hence, biodiversity in the Himalayan region can be protected. Green India Mission aims to re-establish 6 million hectares of degraded forests and to expand forest area from 23 to 33 %. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture to produce climate resistant crops and agricultural practices and provision of weather insurance. National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change include improvement in the information about climate science, its impacts and challenges. It also includes plans to tackle these challenges through Climate Science Research Fund. NAPCC also incorporates provision of health care services and assessment of disease burden due to climate change. Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change monitor all the activities of NAPCC on regular basis (Pandve, 2007). Malaria: Alterations in the temperatures and precipitation can lead to change in ecology of vector-borne disease like malaria. Stagnant water can aid favourable place for breeding place for mosquitoes. Temperature alterations, air pollution, waterborne diseases are mainly responsible for malaria. Malaria parasite and mosquito both are susceptible to the alteration in temperature. At places with less temperature, even with small increase in temperature can increase rate of malaria transmission due to augmented number of mosquitos (ONeill and Ebi, 2009). Deforestation and irrigation act as open places for the multiplication of malaria vectors and increase its transmission. This multifactorial transmission of malaria is the main hindrance for predicting exact cases of malaria. Variability of rainfall in the different regions of India is responsible for approximately 45 % variability in the malaria transmission. High density population is also one of the prominent reasons for epidemic of malaria in India (Dhiman et al., 2010). Approximately 2 million cases of malaria are there in India. Prevalence of infectious disease varies according to the regions. According to WHO estimates, every year approximately 15000 people die due to malaria in India. However, in another study, it was estimated that approximately 200000 deaths occur due malaria before 70 years of age and approximately 55000 deaths occur as child (Dhingra et al., 2010). Accurate estimation of death in India is difficult because malaria is mistaken for life-threatening fever in India. Moreover, appropriate medical attention at the time of death is not evident in rural areas. Hence, in developing countries like India it would be difficult to estimate hospital-based deaths due to malaria because of cl imate change. Approximately 65 % cases of malaria are evident in states like Orissa, Jharkhand, Madya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, and the North East. Sub-Saharan Africa region is considered as most prevalent region malaria. However, it is evident that Orissa is more prevalent than Sub-Saharan Africa (Kumar et al., 2007; Narain, 2007). Cases of disability-adjusted life years are more due to vector-borne disease. Out of these, approximately half of the cases are due to malaria (Dash, 2008). Drug resistant strains of malaria parasites are mainly responsible for more prevalence of malaria in India. Plasmodium falciparum is the most virulent form of parasite in India. However, after 1973 chloroquine became resistant to P. falciparum. Resistance to insecticides also responsible for the epidemic of malaria. Malaria is more epidemic in the semiarid region of India. However, due to variability in rainfall in this region exhibited interannual variability of malaria. Variability in rainfall along with increase in temperature in the 20th century is mainly responsible for increase in number of malaria parasites (Laneri et al., 2010). Positive correlation between monthly increase in malaria parasites and increase temperature, precipitation and humidity has been established. Consequence of long term climate change with number of malaria parasites is yet to establish. Temperature at the high altitude plays significant role in preventing epidemic of malaria at high altitude (Pascual et al., 2009). However, prediction of future climate change at high altitude for epidemic of malaria is not evident. Scarcity of data is evident for the influence of climate change on malaria epidemic in the urban areas. It is important to address this issue because there is rapid expansion of population in urban area along with water shortage and increasing poverty (Das et al., 2010). Recommendations: Environmental monitoring and surveillance: Environment monitoring and surveillance is necessary in India. High quality research should be carried out to establish correlation between climate change and malaria. This research should give data about current conditions and future predictions. This data should give clear picture about total morbidity and mortality numbers for malaria. Investigation of extreme climate conditions and its risk indicators like mosquito abundance or parasite load is required. Health centres should implement health programmes for collection of such data. Infrastructure should be built to carry out research on effect of climate change on malaria. As India is diverse country, there should be network of repositories for the documentation of meteorological, air pollution, and health data. Geospatial technology: Geographic information systems and spatial analysis are necessary for carrying out vulnerability assessment, assessment of climate exposure, initiating research and distributing findings to the public and decision makers. Air pollution and heat exposure can be detected by remote sensing and environmental monitoring. Census data comprising of social data and geographic data comprising of exposure data should be aligned to get sensitivity and adaptive capacity at both individual and society levels. Spatial information infrastructure is useful in integrating data for human-environment interactions from varied sources. Social and environmental data can be used to assess vulnerability of malaria by spatial and temporal techniques. Risk maps can be incorporated to identify social and ecological risk factors for malaria (Ageep et al., 2010). It can also be useful to illustrate existing spatial heterogenicity. This can be useful for the forecasting prevalence, planning resource distribution and implementing management programmes for malaria (Jerrett et al., 2010). Human and technical capacity: For the prevention of malaria in the diverse countries like India, human and technical capacity should be improved. Improvement in the human and technical capacity can be helpful in the improving surveillance methods and analytical techniques. Public education programmes should be implemented to improve public awareness about climate change. Awareness of potential health impacts of climate should be improved to improve lifestyle, behaviour and selectivity of people to improve and protect health. Health promotion should be done using low-tech flyers, advertisements, web-based and mobile based alerts. All these strategies should be implemented in India in a region and city specific manner because of great variability in geographical aspects in India. Conclusion: In India, climate change is mainly observed in the form of change in sea level, precipitation level and rise in temperature. Hence, India is experiencing global warming issue and it can exaggerate in the future. It is evident that there is solid association between climate change and human health. In India, climate change has major impact on human health because due to great variability in climate based on geographical area, socioeconomic variability and time of the year. There is no evidence available for the extrapolation of results of one region to another region. Hence, it is mandatory to maintain separate and comprehensive data for climate change and related effects on human health. Hence, it is need of hour to conduct studies specific to climate and populations in India. NAPCC was developed to improve Indias ecological sustainability for development. India is also contributing to international discussions for climate change. Due to complexity of India, it has great opportunity to direct the World for sustainable development and climate change adaptation. Policy makers and scientist in the relevant field from all over the world should come together to address complex issues of climate change and health in India. Innovative and multidisciplinary research should be carried out by implementing environmental epidemiologic methods to address health risks related to climate change. It requires integrated work from different stakeholders like scientists, Government and communities. Approval and implementation of such studies would be helpful in identifying required tools and infrastructure to answers questions and to obtain solutions. References: Ageep, T.B., Cox, J., Hassan, M.M., Knols, B.G.J., Benedict, M.Q., Malcolm, C.A., et al. (2009). Spatial and temporal distribution of the malaria mosquito Anopheles arabiensis in northern Sudan: influence of environmental factors and implications for vector control. Malaria Journal, 8, 123.doi:10.1186/1475-2875-8-123. Das, A., Anvikar, A.R., Cator, L.J., Dhiman, R.C., Eapen, A., et al. (2012). Malaria in India: the center for the study of complex malaria in India. Acta Tropica, 121(3), 267-73. Dash, A.P., Valecha, N., Anvikar, A.R., and Kumar, A. (2008). Malaria in India: challenges and opportunities. Journal of Biosciences, 33, 583592. Dhiman, R.C., Pahwa, S., and Dash, A.P. (2008). Climate change and Malaria in India: interplay between temperature and mosquitoes. Regional Health Forum, 12, 2731. Dhiman, R.C., Pahwa, S., Dhillon, G.P.S., Dash, A.P. (2010). Climate change and threat of vector-borne disease in India: are we prepared? Parasitology Research, 106, 763773. Dhingra, N., Jha, P., Sharma, V.P., Cohen, A.A., Jotkar, R.M., Rodriguez, P.S., et al. (2010). Adult and child malaria mortality in India: a nationally representative mortality survey. Lancet, 376, 17681774. Dubash, N. (2012). Handbook of Climate Change and India: Development, Politics and Governance. Routledge. Ghosh, A. (2016). The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable. University of Chicago Press. Jerrett, M., Gale, S., and Kontgis, C. (2010). Spatial modeling in environmental and public health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7, 13021329. Duan, K., Thompson, L.G. and Yao, T. A. (2007). 1000 year history of atmospheric sulfate concentrations in southern Asia as recorded by a Himalayan ice core. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, (2007), L01810, doi:10.1029/2006GL027456. Kumar, A., Valecha, N., Jain, T., and Dash, A.P. (2007). Burden of malaria in India: retrospective and prospective view. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 77(6), l6978. Laneri, K., Bhadra, A., Ionides, E.L., Bouma, M., Dhiman, R.C., Yadav, R.S., et al. (2010). Forcing versus feedback: epidemic malaria and monsoon rains in northwest India. PLOS Computational Biology, 6(9).doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000898. Malone, E., and Brenkert, A.L. (2008). Uncertainty in resilience to climate change in India and Indian states. Climatic Change, 91, 451-476. Narain, J.P. (2008). Malaria in the South-East Asia region: myth and the reality. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 128, 13. OBrien, K., Leichenko, R., Kelkar, U., Venema, H., Aandahl, G., Tompkins, H., et al. (2004). Mapping vulnerability to multiple stressors: climate change and globalization in India. Global Environmental Change, 14, 303-313. ONeill, M.S., and Ebi, K.L. (2009). Temperature extremes and health: impacts of climate variability and change in the United States. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 51, 1325. Pandve, H.T. (2008). Global initiatives to prevent climate change.Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 12, 967. Pandve, H.T. (2007). Global warming: Need to sensitize general population.Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 11, 867. Pandve, H.T. (2009). India's National Action Plan on Climate Change. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 13(1), 1719. Pascual, M., Dobson, A.P., and Bouma, M.J. (2009). Underestimating malaria risk under variable temperatures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 1364513646. Saran, S., and Jones, A. (2016). India's Climate Change Identity: Between Reality and Perception. Springer. Singh, M.R., Upadhyay, V., and Mittal, A.K. (2010). Addressing sustainability in benchmarking framework for Indian urban water utilities. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 16, 8192. Singh, B.B., Sharma, R., Gill, J.P., Aulakh, R.S., and Banga, H.S. (2011). Climate change, zoonoses and India. Revue Scientifique Et Technique, 30(3), 779-88. Wiley, L.F., and Gostin, L.O. (2009). The international response to climate change: an agenda for global health. Journal of American Medical Association, 302, 12181220.