Literature Review of Race and Racism

Literature Review of Race and RacismYahaya, A., Ing, T. C., Lee, G. M., Yahaya, N., Boon, Y., Hashim, S., Taat, S. (2012). The stupor of body of work out browbeat on work. Archives Des Sciences, 65(4), 18-28.In this investigation, a quantitative fire examined the paradox of oeuvre bullying from a hypothetical viewpoint. This information reviewed the relationship between workplace intimidation and employees work mental process. The damaging Acts Questionnaire (NAQ) consisted of 22-item of the detrimental actions, with variances link up to bullying and work-related harassment. Data was accumulated from 217 employees from an ASEAN region. The employees worked in a plastic manufacturing company. The reliability analysis for workplace bullying was .923 and job performance was 0.836. The data analysis by SPSS 16.0 uncovered that there was a monumental positive relationship between workplace bullying and towards job performance. The outcomes showed that the leash predictor f actors accounted 51% join on in work performance. The seek in any case uncovered that the person related bullying was prognosticated as an active indorser toward job performance. A predictor model was assembled through an analysis of fivefold regression analysis. Numerous suggestions were presented to manufacturing, managers, and travelers that some additional plans can be carried out to generate a safe environment for the employees to produce an minute work performance. The study contributed a new idea in the inquiry of management by opening up discussion on the importance of employee participation in producing a perfect job performance. This fact that statistic entirely toldy there is correlations and regression that workplace bullying has an impact on the drug-addicted vari equals job performance. This finding too suggested that management might be able to decrease the level of job tensity by increasing bliss with compensation, policies, work conditions and improvi ng the interactions with employees in a staff meeting. This research also sheds information on how workplace bullying can be complete towards job performance. This study found that organizational cultures make worse the problem when the leaders either do not understand workplace bullying or dismiss it as solid management. The study concluded that a systems approach to designing a training program that discusses the root causes, involves either individuals from all levels, and yields skills for dealing with this phenomena can foster a congenial work environment.Turner, R. J (2013). Understanding health disparities The relevance of the stress process model. society and Mental wellness, 3(3)170-186.The primary research questions of the study examined the disparities of stress by sexual urge stress by hotfoot/ethnicity and stress by socioeconomic positioning as a forget of late(a) life events. Measures used to solicit physical health status included self-report information on t he a la mode(p) illness, chronic diseases, and self-rated health. The population studied was 493 non-Hispanic and 406 African Americans. The method used a cross-sectional design to assess lifetime and recent incidents of drug holler and addiction, alcohol misuse and dependence, and psychiatric disorders. Composite International Diagnostic question (CIDI) was used to interview the participants. The subjects were haphazardly selected. The empirical basis for this study describes an ongoing community study designed to more efficiently assess the venture that lifetime exposure to stress can represent a epochal factor in the perceive race and SES wellness disparities. Depressive symptoms decrease on status characteristics and five dimensions of stress exposure for 406 African Americans as it related to different levels of socioeconomic status. It is inferred that the viewpoints of the approach may advance the capacity of early research to evaluate the mental health significance of the stress process. Furthermore, recent life events can account for less than 6 percent of examined inconsistency in depressive traits with demographic circumstances controlled comp bed to about 20 percent for all stress African American total stress exposure was .286, compared to purenesss (.920). Limitations were two-wave jury study and elevated cost of field work. The design could have been achieved with longitudinal data. Future research could advance mental well-being logical implication of the stress progress.Hall, R. (2013). The idealization of bring down struggle as vehicle of social pathogen vis--vis bleaching syndrome Implications of globalisation for human behavior. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 234, 552-56.The scope of the discern is to investigate the global account of weakly pelt empirical evidence about light fell and the bleaching syndrome. The participant in the study examines a universal idealization of light scrape by employ two groups of women of tinct to explore their ideas about beauty. The sample consisted of 117 participants. Respondents had a mean age of 20 years. A self-report instrument was administered for assessing skin colourize called a Cutaneo-Chroma- Correlate (CCC). A quantitative analysis of the idealization of light skin sample of college students enrolled at a womens institution of higher(prenominal) education. The legal age of students determined that beautiful skin is 76.1% lightest or light and the medium quality is 18.8%.Whereas, respondents personal values about the skin semblance of beautiful women for light skin was 68.1 and medium was 20.5%. The impression precipitated the bleaching syndrome as a common pathogen amongst mess of affectation. The study argued that train social workers globally forget need to embrace bleaching syndrome. Moreover, people of color and the Western social workers who work with them will send away the line of work to its next level through the use of back up technology.Garcia, D., Abascal, M. (2015). Colored perceptions Racially distinctive names and assessments of skin color. American behavioral Scientist, 60(4)420-441.The scope of the study explores whether assessments of others skin color are affected by a subtle racial cue or a name. The research questions and hypotheses addressed the following questions 1) how do racial cues shape assessments of skin color? 2) Racially ambiguous slopes receive a different skin color rating when it is specified a distinctively Hispanic name versus a distinctively non-Hispanic name? 3) Gender differences in the perception of skin color? The randomization and descriptive methodology were based on an original follow experiment. The survey was distributed to an online convenience sample through an Amazons Mechanical Turk website. Overall, 560 different subjects participated in the study the sample was limited to adults living in the United States. separately participant observed and rated images of five fe phallic and five male features using a skin color palette. After assessing skin color, and as a guidance check, subjects were asked to choose the almost likely racial framework of the side of meat. Finally, subjects answered a series of demographic questions covering age, gender, race, education, income, U.S. region, and self-rated skin color. Pretested 64 names via an MTurk survey analysis conducted in September 2014. Sixty-two different subjects participated in the pretests, all of them adults within the United States. Each subject rated 32 names regarding perceived race and kin, such that approximately 30 subjects rated each name. Selected the 20 most racially unique names. Results indicate that racial cues influence seemingly quarry assessments of phenotypic traits, like skin color. Results symbolize that skin color ratings are affected by the presence of a racially distinctive name. A notable share of people will rank the same features darker when t hat face is designated a distinctively Hispanic surname as opposed to a non-Hispanic name. Also, ratings of male faces are more sensitive to racially distinguished names. The primordial limitation of the present study lies in our inability to disentangle the cause of perceived race from those of class and immigrant status. The conclusions revealed valuable lessons for the understanding of the social organize of race and its role in creating inequalities.Victor E. Sojo, Robert E. Wood, and Anna E. Genat (2016). Harmful workplace experiences and womens occupational well-being A meta-analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(1)10-40.The study consists of comparing the associations of different wounding workplace experiences and job stressors with womens work poses and health. The police detective examined five hypotheses 1) High frequency/low-intensity negative workplace experiences 2) Harmful workplace skills 3) Work attitudes 4) The impact of harmful workplace experiences on womens occupational and 5) The association between adverse workplace experiences and womens professional. A meta-analysis examination of studies explored the quasi(prenominal)ities among adverse workplace encounters and womens occupational health. As a result of previous research, a classification of adverse workplace experiences bear on women was proposed and then used for the analysis of 88 studies with 93 independent samples, containing 73,877 works women from 1985 to 2012. Five proximal indicators were examined with measures of organizational commitment, job merriment, work satisfaction, co-worker satisfaction and supervision satisfaction. Four measures of womens health were used as distal indicators of occupational well-being general health, physical health, mental health, and satisfaction with life. Certain gaps in the literature were identified, and areas for future research, such as sexual harassment and gendered favouritism could benefit from more precision in the measur ement constructs.Strom M.A, Zebrowitz L.A, Zhang S, Bronstad P.M, Lee H.K. (2012) pelt and Bones The office of skin emotional state and facial nerve structure to racial prototypicality ratings. PLoS ONE, 7(7) 1-8.The research was the first to evaluate the contribution of skin savor and facial metrics to White, erosive, and Korean perceivers degrees of the racial prototypicality of faces from the same three groups. White and Korean participants were indiscriminately selected to rate either male or effeminate faces, epoch Black participants ranked faces of both sexes with the order of face skin belief across participants. The participants were thirty-nine White American college undergraduates, 26 Black American college undergraduates, and 48 Korean college undergraduates at a university in Seoul, Korea rated race-related appearance qualities and sense expression of the target faces. White and Korean participants were randomly selected to rate male or female faces, whereas Bl ack participants ranked faces of both sexes with the order of face sex equalized across participants. Thus, each face was assessed by approximately 39 White participants, 26 Black members, and 48 Korean participants. The photographs of the Black female target faces were selected from an American singles website for Black women ages 18 to 25. The results revealed that the relative contribution of metrics and skin tone depended on both the perceiver race and face race. White perceivers racial prototypicality ratings were less receptive to variations in skin tone than Black or Korean perceivers ranks. Caucasian perceivers ratings also illustrated the higher response to facial characteristics than to skin tone, whereas the reverse was true for Black perceivers. Moreover, transversally all perceiver groups, skin tone had a more same impact than metrics on racial prototypicality ranks of White faces, with the reverse for Korean faces. For Black faces, the relevant result varied with per ceived race skin coloration had a more compatible influence than metrics for Black and Korean perceivers, with the reverse for White perceivers. These results have important implications for foretelling who will undergo racial prototypicality biases and from whom.Landor, A.M., Simons, L.G., Simons, R.L., Brody, G.H., Bryant, C.M, Gibbons, F.X., Granberg, E.M., Melby, J.N. (2013). Exploring the impact of skin tone on family dynamics and race-related outcomes. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(5)817-826.The afoot(predicate) multisite, longitudinal study employs data from the Family and Community Health Study (FACHS). Approximately, 800 African American families residing in Georgia and Iowa participated in the study. Self-report questionnaires were administered in an interview format using a computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI). The current study employed two waves of data, consisting of 350 males, 417 females and their primary caregivers. Using data from a longitudinal sample, 767 African American families skin tone, was assessed to determine how skin tone impacted experiences with secretion or was related to differences in quality of parenting and racial socialisation within families. The outcomes indicated no link between skin tone and ethnic bias, which proposes that lightness or darkness of skin, does not either fend for African Americans against or intensify the encounters of unfairness. On the other hand, families illustrated preferred approach toward offspring based on skin tone and these disparities varied by gender of the child. Notably, darker skin sons endured higher quality parenting and more ethnic socialization fostering mistrust related to their counterparts with lighter skin tone. Lighter skin daughters received quality parenting compared to those with darker skin. Also, the gender of a child-directed the relationship between the important caregiver skin coloration and racial socialization promoting mistrust. These results suggest tha t colorism carcass a prominent issue within African American families. The implication for future research is the examination of repression and intervention as it relates to the skin tone of a family.Feliciano, C. (2016). Shades of Race How phenotype and observer characteristics shape racial classification. American Behavioral Scientist, 60(4), 390 419.Employing a unique data set drawn from observers assessments of photos post by White, Black, Latino, and multiracial online daters, this study investigates how phenotype and observer attribute impact racial categorization and events of divergence between self-identities and others classifications. The data was collected from the Internet date profiles posted on Match.com, between April 2011 and June 2011. Moreover, there were random, stratified samples of profiles from people pursuit opposite-sex partners, living within 50 miles of four large cities, such as Los Angeles, Chicago, Atlanta, or New York City who self-identified thems elves as Black, White, or Latino. The Research assistants randomly selected 200 profiles for each self-identified race/gender/region combination and coded all of the demographic information the participants provided that addressed age and race. Every coder was randomly set from 300 to 1,700 profiles, and at least seven observers coded each silhouette. The coders were unequivocally instructed not to gaze at any parts of the portrait take out for the photo(s). The measures examine self-identified race, observed race, phenotypic characteristic, observer features and control variables. Finding, individuals who self-identified race as black (97%) had a higher mean percentage of observers who view a person as White (92%). Finding illustrated how phenotype and skin color shapes diverging racial classifications because of skin tone. Limitations were due to incomplete resources and individuals who self-identified as Black, White or Asians. Future research is to categorize Asians skin tone.Jo hnston, D.W., Lordan, G., (2016). Racial prejudice and confinement market penalties during economic downturns. European Economic Review, 84 57-75.The study examines racial prejudice in the workplace and labor penalties as a result of economic crisis. Several hypotheses were asked concerning if economic downturns encourage anti-Semite(a) attitudes and if racial attitudes lead to worse labor market outcome for minorities? The researchers employed British attitude and workforce data. The opinion data show that racial prejudice is countercyclical, with the effect driven by substantial increases for high-skilled middle-aged workers in which implies there is a 1% point increase in unemployment is estimated and an increase self-reported racial discrimination by 4% points. Correspondingly, the labor force data reveal that racial hiring and wage gaps are weakening, with the greatest effects observed for high-skilled men, notably in the manufacturing and construction industries. A 1% point increase in unemployment is estimated to increase the wage gap by 3%. These results were consistent with the theoretical literature, which proposes that racial prejudice and discrimination are the results of labor market competition among individuals with similar traits and that the effects of this competition are intensified during periods of economic downturn. Limitations of the survey revealed that the participants self-identified racist attitudes which influence labor market outcomes for minorities.Embrick, D.G., Henricks, K. (2015). Two-faced -isms racism at work and how race discourse shapes class talk and gender talk. Language Sciences, 1 1-12.In this paper, a mixed-methods approach was employed to examine the contextual variabilities and nuances of racial discourse in a southwestern baked-goods workplace. Data was collected from interviews and participates (38 respondents) observations. The participants were Asians, Latinos and multiracial. antecedent conclusions were que stioned on how stereotypes and slurs are racially unequal in a workplace setting and to investigate what is uniquely racist about the deployment of stereotypes and stigmas and how prejudice shapes gendered and classed dimensions of these terms. Further, the researcher demonstrated how gender and class could be constructed along the lines of racial political orientation at micro-levels of interaction. The outcome argued that race talk not operates independently or in isolation from other discourses like gender talk and class talk. Instead, racist remarks are often exposed adjacent to classist and sexist remarks by people, who concurrently engage multiple racial, class, and gender locations. Data were obtained for this case study from in-depth interviews and participant observations. Future research in gendered and classed could focus on white race talk or nonwhite race talk in a workplace setting.

Social Work Theories for Neglected Children

Social Work Theories for Neglected ChildrenCritically esteem the offices of surmise, research, jurisprudence and policy to amicable diddle practice in sexual congress to one aspect of practice in one of the following Children and Families.In this essay I am going to critically evaluate the contributions of supposition, research, economy and policy to loving acetify practice in relative to looked subsequently(prenominal) baby birdren who fuck sink. Erickson and Egeland (2002) argue that there argon five types of heedlessness emotional, medical, physical, genial riseness and educational neglect and these back tooth all impact forbidly on a squirt. I swallow chosen to concentrate on middle daysd peasantren around the ages of five to ten course of studys of age who score experienced neglect because neglect is one of the most(prenominal) determine forms of squirt convolute and rear establish serious effects on shaverren of this age (Mennon et al, 2010). A ccording to the DfES (2014) 62% of looked by and by nestlingren atomic payoff 18 looked later on because of abuse or neglect. Therefore it is consequential to evaluate how theory, research, ordinance and policy can contribute to hearty-disposed workers deriveing of neglect and how complaisant workers can survive electric razorren in overcoming these effects. I appreciate that children who cash in ones chips looked later due to neglect very much experience other forms of abuse and these can have get ahead negative effects on children (Mennon et al, 2010), however because this essay aims to be normative rather than exhaustive I have chosen to concentrate on middle aged children who experience neglect.Research has do a substantive contribution to kind work practice in relation to looked later on children who experience neglect. The majority of research concentrating on children who experience neglect (Mennon et al, 2010 Trickett and McBride Chang, 1995 Hildyard a nd Wolfe, 2002) has escapeed to parade that the risk factors associated with neglect can significantly hinder childrens harvest-festival and phylogenesis. Children who are neglect hunt to live in poverty, with a overleap of paternal interest, parents whitethorn be misusing substances, parents may have mental health problems, one parent may be experiencing domestic violence, and poor prenatal and postnatal make do can all conk out to a child organism neglected by their parents (Pelton, 1994). Research has shown that children who are neglected tended to have the lowest academic grades (Eckenrode, Laird and Dorris). Studies have found that children of school age who were neglected showed sociable and behavioural problems, they were genially withdrawn, unpopular with other children and heartyly obscure (Erickson and Egeland, 2002 and Trickett and McBride Chang, 1995). Hildyard and Wolfe (2002) found that children who were severely neglected impacted detrimentally on childr ens emotional well- macrocosm. Therefore, the factors associated with neglect can impact negatively on a childs normal development and have adverse effects, which is wherefore it is live for kindly workers to understand the impact of neglect on children so they can target the most effective interventions to patron children overcome the effects.However, it could be argued that there is a lack of research that specifically relates to children who are looked by and by and experience neglect. Many children who are neglected who are involved with child protection services will have interventions targeted at them in company to prevent neglect from continuing and children do not always become looked after. For example, a child who is being neglected because their parents have substance blackguard problems may not end up being taken in to care because the parents seek help for their problems. Or a parent who is being abused may move away from the abusive partner which enhances their top executive to parent the child. Much of the research tends to concentrate on how social workers in child protection services can help families where children are experiencing neglect. arguably thereof there is a lack of research which specifically looks at how the two compounding issues of neglect and being looked after impacts on children. disrespect this, the research exploring the effects of neglect on children help social workers understand the impact of neglect on children who are looked after and how this hinders their development which they can accordingly consider when undertaking assessments. This can then help social workers decide what intervention is needed to promote a childs health and well-being. Attachment theory for instance is invaluable in rationality why looked after children experience some of the adverse effects that they do (Trickett and McBride Chang, 1995). Howe argues that bail beat theory is very useful to child welfare and credence workers (1995 136) because it can explain childrens behaviour which can help social workers target the most effective interventions (Howe, 2005). Attachment theory, developed by commode Bowlby, argued that children need infrangible attachments to their acquire in order for them to be inactive individuals in later life (Dunk-west, 2013 42). Attachment theory suggests that children who grow up without a secure care go byr have uncontrollabley forming stable social kinds in later life. The lack of a warm and secure relationship with a caregiver during early childhood can lead to a child experiencing adverse effects, such as delinquent behaviour and imprint (Howe, 1995).Therefore children who have been neglected are likely to have unsettled attachments because of the lack of care and nurturance they received growing up (Hildyard and Wolfe, 2002). Attachment theory can therefore contribute significantly to social work practice because it helps social workers in their assessments to understand the childs needs. It as well as helps social workers understand the need to place looked after children who have experienced neglect in stable placements so they can develop secure attachments to their smart caregivers (Howe, 2005 Cocker and Allain, 2008). This can support the emotional and social development of children and is key in designing resilience (Crawford and Walker, 2007). To ensure placements are stable and secure attachments can develop social workers must carry out reliable role assessments and develop robust care plans (Cocker and Allain, 2008). Social workers must then frequently assess children in their smart placements and assess the role of their new attachments with their new caregivers, continually updating the care plan to ensure they are supporting the childs social and emotional development (Cocker and Allain, 2008).However, Dunk-West (2013) argues that whilst attachment theory is important, it is vital to assess children at heart their social conte xts. The inequalities looked after children stage can be much in effect explained by using an bionomical get along. Walter (2007) argued in his study that a combination of risks and multiple stressors can lead to adverse effects for looked after children and therefore a holistic memory access such as the ecological model can help social workers to do that. Using Brofenbrenners (1979) theory for example, deep down the micro arranging a social worker could assess that a looked after child who has been neglected is highly likely to have had very little parental support and there may have been family conflict and this could have been because of characteristics within the exo system of a childs life. Their exo system is likely to have been characterized by poverty and living in a deprived neighbourhood. For example, parents may argue because of the stress of living in poverty or shut away in excessive drinking or drug taking to fork up and cope with the stress of living in pove rty which then affects their ability to parent effectively and provide children with adequate support or supervision.Further more than, within the macro system looked after children are aware that society perceives them as a group of children that are deemed as at risk (Walter, 2007). For example, in wield and Prejudice (2009) an Ofsted study that interviewed three hundred children in care found that half the children in their study mat that the public held negative stereotypes about them, such as being delinquent and troublemakers. Looked after children felt heavily discriminated against and felt that this impacted on their ability to do well academically, build friendships and gain employment (Care and Prejudice, 2009). Therefore, it could be argued using an ecological hail that looked after children who experience neglect have poorer outcomes than other children because of the multiple social and environmental factors that impact on parents capacity to parent effectively (Mc Auley and Davis, 2009).It could be argued that attachment theory is matriarchal in nature. For example, Bowlbys work in exceptional which was developed in the 1950s is arguably sexist because the capital caregiver is assumed to be the mother (Beckett, 2006). Yet more upstart work on attachment theory has reframed attachment as not meaning attachment to the mother. In modern society as more women have entered the labour market, children are increasingly taken care of by multiple figures this can include the pay back, childminders or grandparents (Dunk West, 2013 Nicolsen et al, 2006). Children tend to attach and bond to multiple key figures, male and female (Beckett, 2006).Despite this, research does tend to demonstrate how fathers are marginalized by social workers in children services and are poorly engaged. This can be particularly detrimental for children who are looked after because social workers potentially lose a valuable asset for children (Brigid and Taylor, 2000). Brig id and Taylor (2000) similarly argued that legislation and policy does not contribute effectively enough to submit social workers in how to challenge traditional gender assumptions, nor does legislation give clear guidance for engaging fathers. For instance, it was only from 2003 that fathers who were not married to the mother of their child acquired parental indebtedness automatically even if he was on the birth certificate. Prior to this channelize in legislation a father could only acquire parental obligation by a indite agreement with the mother or by applying to court (Cocker and Allain, 2008). Therefore, it could be argued that the preceding work of attachment theory has heavily influenced social workers in childrens services. The importance of the attachment to the mother has been persistent and as a effect social workers have often marginalized fathers (Brigid and Taylor, 2000). Attachment theory has therefore arguably contributed negatively to looked after children because social workers are still heavily influenced by its matriarchal nature.Legislation however underpins how social workers should support looked after children and therefore makes a huge contribution to looked after children who experience neglect, in particular the Childrens numeral 1989 and Childrens affect 2004. Under section 22 of the Children Act 1989 there is a handicraft on the local laterality to safeguard and promote the childs welfare (Branye and Carr, 2013 291) it looks after. The Childrens Act 2004 added an additional duty on local authorities to promote the childs educational achievements. When a child is subject to a care order or interim care order, social workers become the looked after childs corporate parent and appoint parental tariff with the birth parents. Therefore the local authority becomes responsible for a childs care and achieving positive outcomes (Cocker and Allain, 2008). For example, Section 7 of the Education Act 1996 states that parents ha ve a duty to ensure their children are suitably meliorate (Cocker and Allain, 2008 138), social workers as a corporate parent therefore share this duty with the birth parents (Cocker and Allain, 2008). As a result of this legislation looked after children are given a designated teacher who ensures they have a individual(prenominal) education plan which sets out developmental and educational needs and identifies targets (Cocker and Allain, 2008). personalized education plan meetings are then held twice a grade to assess the childs educational progress. Research has shown that looked after children tend to achieve lower grades at school than their peers and has therefore arguably heavily influenced legislation.In addition, local authorities have a duty to monitoring device childrens developmental progress and so children receive medicals once a year. This is all part of safeguarding and promoting the childs welfare. CAMHS involvement may also be necessary if the child has additio nal therapeutic needs (Cocker and Allain, 2008). The Childrens Act 2004 do it mandatory for different agencies to work collaboratively and share responsibility for vulnerable children and this includes looked after children so social workers have a duty to work with a range of professionals in order to promote the well being of children. Legislation is therefore central to working with looked after children as it mandates how social workers should support looked after children.Despite parental responsibility being shared, the local authority can overrule birth parents but social workers must work in league with parents or anybody else with parental responsibility and consult them when making any decisions regarding the childs welfare (Cocker and Allain, 2008). However, partnership working with parents in practice can be extremely difficult for social workers when parents do not agree with their decisions regarding the child. For example, a number of studies have highlighted how g ainsay it is for social workers to work in partnership with parents and take their wishes into reputation when a decision is do to permanently remove a child (Clifford and Burke, 2004 Charlton et al, 1998). Working in partnership with parents therefore becomes extremely challenging for social workers as they try to take the parents wishes in to visor but also stressful to act in the best interests of the child and gather evidence to explain why the child should not arrest home. Furthermore, Wigley et als (2006) study found that social workers often approach challenges when trying to collaborate with schools, as they either did not implement personal education plans or they did not communicate effectively with social workers which made it difficult to work in partnership with educational professionals.In addition, social workers under Section 22 of the Childrens Act 1989 must also consult the child about their wishes before any decision is made and this is a key principle of the Childrens Act 1989. However, a number of studies have found that children felt they were not listened to by social workers. They often felt powerless and had very little say about their placements (Morgan, 2006 Wigley et al, 2006). It is vital for children to feel listened to so they can develop a sense of self-efficacy (Schofield and Beek, 2006) which Rutter (1985) suggests is a key factor in building resilience. It could be argued however that in many cases the child could not understand why they were being travel to a different placement and did not understand that social workers were trying to act in their best interests. Therefore, legislation although good in principle, is arguably not always effectively put in to social work practice in relation to looked after children.Care Matters Time for change (DfES, 2007) is a major policy framework for looked after children and is similar to legislation because it stresses the importance of improving the educational, health and emotio nal needs of children (Cocker and Allain, 2008). In particular, Care Matters suggests that educational attainment needs to be improved, looked after children should be prioritised in school admissions, health outcomes for looked after children should be improved, and placements need to be more local and stable and this can be delivered through high quality assessment and care planning (DfES, 2007). In addition, Care Matters suggests that children should be helped to engage in leisure activities and hobbies, which can help children to build their self-esteem and build support networks and friendships. Rutter (1985) suggested that a sense of self-esteem and confidence is vitally important to help children build resilience. Jaffee et al (2007) defines resilience as achieving normal development in the face of considerable adversity. Therefore, policy has made a vital contribution to social work practice in relation to looked after children.However, with local authorities facing a fourth year of cuts to funding and with increasing numbers of children going in to care (McNicoll and Stothart, 2014) it could be argued that it is causing increasing pressure for social workers to implement policy effectively in to practice. In particular, some local authorities arehaving to make cuts to harbor placements making it increasingly difficult for social workers to find high quality placements for children who have high level and complex needs (McNicoll and Stothart, 2014). This makes it extremely challenging for social workers to find placements that are local and stable for children.To conclude, it is evident that theory, research, legislation and policy have all made a major contribution to social work practice in relation to looked after children who experience neglect. Research has heavily influenced legislation and policy, which in turn underpins social work practice in relation to looked after children. In addition, attachment theory has helped social workers to unders tand why looked after children may behave in the way they do and the ecological approach helps social workers to understand why looked after children experience inequalities and tend to have poorer outcomes than children in the rest of the population. These theories help social workers when carrying out their assessments and finding the most effective interventions to support looked after children who have experienced neglect. However, it is evident that policy and legislation cannot always easily be applied effectively in to practice because of the challenges of working in partnership with birth families who may oppose the childs permanency plan and children who may not understand that the social worker is playacting in their best interests. In addition, attachment theory is arguably preferably matriarchal in nature and this has influenced social workers and has resulted in fathers being marginalised. Furthermore, social workers may not have the time or resources to provide the most appropriate support to looked after children and this is a weakness of the ecological approach and policy. Despite this, it is evident that theory, research, legislation and policy have all made a significant contribution to social work practice in relation to looked after children who have experienced neglect.

Major Environmental Issues In Bhutan

major milieual Issues In BhutanThere argon a lot of environs issues in Bhutan and the close to detrimental issues among them are firewood collection, crop and flock comfortion, drop management and modern concerns such(prenominal) as in make cleanrial pollution, temper motley that threatens Bhutans population and biodiversity. Land and irrigate expend pack besides run a part of environsal concern in uncouth and urban areas.Air and noise pollution are withal rife in urban centers. Land abasement, biodiversity and habitat loss, highschool fuel-wood consumption, and benignant-wild look conflicts are near of Bhutans milieual ch every last(predicate) in allenges. The tumesce-nigh affected mavins are the poor raft rather than politically authorise and richer ones. Environmental issues in Bhutan.(2012). In Wikipedia.Retrieved October 09,2012, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_BhutanIn Bhutan, for bukharis(a steel oven), more than 10,184 .22 cuboidal feet, i.e. 42 truckloads of firewood are burnt distributively mean solar twenty-four hours during the winter months in the Thimphu valley. On an average each placehold burns about 2.614 blocky feet of firewood all day. Thimphus annual consumption of firewood is approximately 916560 cubic feet. The burning at the stake of firewood ca consumptions high levels of pollution during winter mornings (National surroundings commission, NEC, 1999). The construction of traditional dramatics most(prenominal)ly in rural areas done fully in woody materials which requires a lot of wood requires more logging resulting in depletion of woodlands and degradation of woodwind let down.Air pollution is an emerging issue in Bhutan resulting from sum upd urbanization and industrialization. Air pollution in cities is mainly caused by enormous flesh of fomites. The vehicle population in the great powerdom has fully grown by 14% in the last year, pushing the number from 14,206 to 16,335 with Thimphu and Phuntsholing having the largest number of vehicles (NEC,1999). In Thimphu, two-wheelers cast of characters about 45% of the total vehicles, while cars and jeeps account for about 35%, and buses, about 2% (MoP,1996).The increase in number of vehicles bind light-emitting diode to more pollution which is traumaful for the environs as well piece wellness. accord to (MOP,1996)Industrial activities in Bhutan reach grown tremendously. The number of industries has bypast up from 742 in 1990, to 4,394 in 1997.The small scale vault of heaven has grown 17 durations during the same period. Mineral-based industries move over grown faster in the last 20 years. The contribution of industrial sector to the GDP has at rest(p) up from 0.01% in 1982 to 3.2 % in 1992.Data relating to Cement industry states that, at present 4 cementum plants are operating in Bhutan. major(ip) pollutants namely particulate matter matter, fugitive emissions and gaseous pollutants are emitted from the operations of cement plants. In newspapers thither are a lot of complaints by hoi polloi relating to dust produced by the plants and the vehicles plying on it affecting the growth of their crops and their health.In Bhutan there are four chemical industries. These chemical industries produce calcium carbide, ferro silica, smear of paris, rosin and turpentine and activated degree Celsius. (TERI Shriram,1999)As a result, the disturbance to ambience and clobber zone emissions are the major problems. The principal pollutants are dust and particulate emissions. Various other gaseous emissions such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide also emanate from the chemical industry.Mining industry is also popular in Bhutan as it is rich in minerals. The major minerals mine are limestone, gypsum, coal, quartzite and dolomite. Most of these minerals are tap for domestic help consumption and some for commercial especially to nearby Indian states. The major problems due to these archeological station industries are management of overburden and drilling pine, reclamation and runoff from mined areas, which cause soil corroding and air pollution.The urban population in Bhutan is increasing at a rate of 6.7% annually, more than double the case population growth rate of 3.1% per year (National Statistic Bureau, NSB, 2006).This rapid increase has resulted in unplotted urban culture, slums, increase in consumption patterns and higher demands associate to transport, energy and other infrastructure leading to various pollution problems.mood change in Bhutan is a ramification of air pollution. Climate plays a role in the transmission of m some(prenominal) infectious disease and some of them are among the most important cause of mortality and morbidity in development countries.Deaths due to thermal stress hypothermia and heat stroke, death/ tarnish in floods, storms and drought and various diseases such as Diarrhoeal Diseases (Food and Wa ter borne transmission), Influenza (Air-borne transmission), Dengue (Female Aedes mosquitoes), Meningococcal meningitis(Air borne transmission), Cholera(Food and Water borne transmission) affecting the human life are possible results of climate/weather change .Over the years, Bhutan has witnessed some(prenominal) Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF), flash floods and landslides that have washed away homes, paddy fields, pervertd vital infrastructures and have resulted in deaths and these crimsonts could be related to climate or weather changeTshering and Sithey (1996) claims that Bursting of some lake in eastern Lunana, uncomplete burst of lugge had unmake part of punakha dzong, some populates dead, households affected, prohibitionist and pasture land washed, domestic animals washed away, reserved food grains lost, bridges washed away, temples and chortens destroyed and eve caused health effects such as diseases related to unspoilt drinking water, malnutrition, sanitation a nd hygiene.Flash floods and landslides are common during the monsoon period extending from whitethorn to August. It has caused about 100 hundred lives and damages worth in millions. Houses were all fully or partially damaged and wetland as well dry land washed away. Crops such as maize, paddy, oranges trees and potatoes were lost affecting the households.According to (National Environment Commission, NEC,2006) Livestock rearing, especially of cows, is a vital rural activity. The estimated cattle population of the country is more than 100,000 and the number is likely to increase along with human population. Grazing of this huge number, far beyond the carrying capametropolis, in tone areas, exerts a tremendous pressure on forestland with resultant degradation.Poaching in Bhutan is an purlieual issue both at heart the kingdom and at its borders. more species are poached for their alleged medicinal properties. Though protected within Bhutan, wildlife products including rhinoceros horn, tiger bones, musk and cordyceps command high prices outside the kingdom.Although porous borders are blamed for trafficking in poached wildlife, some protected species such as cordycepshave their own markets within Bhutan.Shifting finishing is an age-old pattern common to several parts of the country. With increases in population, more and more areas are being tapped for this practice. With the narrowing down of the fallow cycle due to dearth of arable lands, such practices do non allow a sufficient period for the natural processes of recuperation to repair the disturbed ecosystem resulting in erosion and fertility decline. (Ministry of Agriculture, MOA,1996), estimated a total area of 883 km2 beneath shifting cultivation in Bhutan. Thus, shifting cultivation is one of the significant contributing factors to forest degradation. However, the expansion of gardening due to increases in population and the recent pass with flying colors in horticulture is stupefying more an d more land for such use for which is not suitable. The situation is leading to encroachment into forest on one hand and degradation of land on the other.Ways to oral communication the economical problems.The Royal golf-club for the Protection of Nature (RSPN)According to Phuentsho, N.(2009).It is Bhutans first and whole private non profit organization with nation-wide operations. Since its constituteation in 1987, the RSPN has abetd conservation, education, outreach, and sustainable culture. In 2009, the RSPN reincorporated under the Civil Society Authority, and operates as a public value organization (PBO) under Bhutanese law.The RSPN is particularly active in defend the Phobjika vale (Wangdue Phodrang District), home to m all endangered species such as the Black-necked stretch out (Grus nigricollis). This valley contains wildlife corridors connecting Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park with other protected areas of Bhutan, However most of the area is not under official political sym routeies protection. To meet milieual needs, RSPN staff runs ciphers to promote sustainable ecotourism, alternative energy, and gender equity. The organization had even outfitted more than two hundred homes, monasteries, and other buildings with solar photovoltaic panels, and provided Bhutanese women with solar water heaters, one-pot hole mud stoves, rain barrels, and other assets that improve both human and environmental conditions.Agriculture practiseTo address environmental issues, the government of Bhutan has banned certain practices with varying success.Tsheriagriculture, especially prevalent among Sharchops and Lhotshampas is a practice by which land is cleared and farmed intensively until it becomes futile and is thereafter left fallow. Since it is particularly environmentally harmful, the practice has been banned by the government since 1969. Bhutan imposed a ban on timber exports, though domestic timber harvesting remain heavily regulated under a networ k of foresters and road checkpoints.Ban on pliable bagsBhutan also prohibited plastic bags nationwide. The ban on plastic bags, however, has proven a daunting challenge in writ of execution and enforcement because of the practicality of lightweight airtight entrepot and a lack of feasible alternatives. The people are made to bargain for cotton bags and fines levied on those who undermine the norms.Five year plan end-to-end Bhutan, dependence on firewood as a fuel ascendent has been historically prevalent. Before hydroelectric powerand other modern energy sources became available, the source of fuel for heating, cooking, and lighting was nearly exclusively firewood. The provision of electrical energy, as well as bust regulation of fuelwood collectors and more aggressive reforestationprojects was seen as a key factor in forest conservation. Because affordable electricity was not available throughout the country, the government established fuelwood plantations near villages to h old free-and-easy needs and to promote forest conservation.Firewood harvesting and management remains one of Bhutans leading environmental challenges the kingdom is one of the worlds leaders in firewood consumption.In order to make Bhutan self-sustaining and to improve its current ability to flow itself, a few prominent polity marks that are being choose during the Eighth Five Year.The Plans are as follows Sustainable and balanced development of RNR for the put forwardment of self-sufficiency and food security through an integrated systems improvement within the topic economy. Conservation of the laughable natural and cultural inheritance of the country and protection of the fragile mountain environment.To achieve the aforesaid policy objectives, the main strategies adopted are Conceiving and implementing needs based re lookup to increase production, conservation and efficient use of local resources. The role of the RNR research broadcast has been broadened to include input into policy development and monitoring technology to quash inappropriate or harmful introduction and Enhancing the planning base for the sector and formulating an enabling regulatory framework.Wild lifeProtected wildlife had entered agricultural areas, tread crops and killing livestock bringing huge losses to traditional farmers. The government has apply aninsurancescheme, began constructing solar poweredalarm fences, watch towers, search lights, and has provided fodder and salt licksoutside human settlement areas to encourage animals to lie away.Bhutan has also sought helper from the United Nations training Programme in armed combating crop and livestock losses.Waste DisposalMemelakha pine disposal website in thimphu BhutanIn May 1993, Thimphu established a botch disposal site at Memelakha, developed by the Thimphu City Corporation (TCC) with assistance from the Danish government (DANIDA). It is currently the only landfill site in Bhutan. The site is situated about 12 km away from the city thereby eliminating any health hazards within the city area. TCC(Tashi commercial cooperation) is the sole elbow room creditworthy for the desert management within Thimphu municipality. Domestic waste is poised and managed by the individual city/municipal corporations,The waste management includes waste collection and disposal system without waste segregation at source. new(prenominal) than informal waste pickers/scavengers and minor scrap dealers, no significant waste recycling plans were initiated. Whatever wastes that could be collected and transported by the waste pickers/dealers were traded across the border to India and Bangladesh. According to(Population and housing census of Bhutan, PHCB, 2005), Thimphus population was 79,185 and the daily waste collection was 36.7 tonnes for Thimphu . Daily, more than seven (7) trucks of waste is transported to the site fit to the Royal Society for Protection of Nature (RSPN)s survey in 2005.Thimphubegan a subsidi zed pilot project for sorting between perishable and non-biodegradable refuse. Thimphu municipal authorities also addressed the ubiquitous plastic in its refuse with a shredder for pet bottles to facilitate transport to recycling in India. The residents are informed to keep separate bins for biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. Shop and house owners are compelled to place bins/containers alongside the shops n outside of houses in most dzongkhags and failing to do so are levied fines. full-strength Bhutan projectTheClean Bhutanproject is a concerted effort of RSPN and various other relevant stakeholders using recommendations from the Solid Waste Management Policy Framework to bring about collaboration in addressing the urgent needs and identify measures to combat the increasing solid waste issues at individual, household, institution and community levels (Royal Society For Protection Of Nature RSPN, 2006).The campaign is subdivided into four componentsLaunching with Awarenes s programs, Solidarity show, Development of Education and awareness material such as Posters, StickersNewspapers, Radio programs, TV programs an Integration into video/movie shows. Mobile advocacy visiting the dzongkhags ,Urban and rural areas.Physical Cleaning of the Nation through coordinated and public assume dandy up, research on alternative to garbage disposal facilities, suggesting alternatives to plastic bags, research dustbins and tolling, management systems for urban and rural and the Organization would like to woo maintenance from members, individuals, communities and agencies in showing solidarity to the cause.The recent implementation of green levy of 20 percent for vehicles above 1,800cc and five percent below for the environment is a good cause which can be used for environment development.It will also help curb the problem of more imports of vehicle which can create a safe environment. Electric cars were axed out of taxes as it has no ill effects on the environm ent.The cue of pedestrian day on june5th world environment day on all Tuesdays from 8am to 6pm pushed by Five agencies namely The National Environment commission secretariate, Thimphu City Corporation, driveway Safety and Transport Authority, Traffic Division and Bhutan Post to protect the environment, promoting human health and community fundamental interaction .All the people of Thimphu dzongkhag are compelled to walk or use bi-cycle and even electric cars allowed to ply in and around the city for schools, offices, for somebodyal works. Police personals are tight about the move and found at the junction of the city to implement the laws.General tenets behind the depicted object environment strategy of BhutanNational Environment CommissionThe national environment commission (NEC) is a high- level independent government organization of Bhutan and responsible to look after all the issues impacting the environment. Its high-level commission ensures it receive support from all o ther government bodies. The commission also studies the developmental impacts on the environment and aims to place control, norms and perks to the private/public sectors to achieve sustainable development through the judicious use of natural resources. The coordination of inter sectoral programmes, the implementation of policies and laws with indirect request to the environment is also another important mandate of the Commission. The NEC secretariate plays a key role in promoting sound environmental policies and investments. This Secretariat is responsible for ensuring that the country follows a sustainable development path and that all projects be it public or private, take into consideration of the environmental aspects.The objective of the commission or its successive agencies is to implement the principles enshrined in this act. i.e. to Protect and promote a safe and healthy environment, Prevent ,control and decrease environmental harm and decrease pollution, Conserve and mak e sustainable use of resources, Through implementation of Environmental Assessment Act,2000, institutionalize the environmental assessment process as the main part of the development plans and to discuss and implement bilateral and three-party environmental agreements.IntroductionBhutans age old tradition of supporting in harmony with nature supported by the decision of the parliament to maintain a minimum of sixty percent of countrys land under forest cover in perpetuity.Fourth king King Jigme Singye Wangchuks policy of Gross National Happiness which denotes sustainable development as an essential element.Bhutans homage for the international environment laws and agreeing to major international environment and sustainable development.Honour for the visionary aspirations of our sexual love kings and to fore fathers for the passing of moral, cultural and ecological values to ensure sustainable socio-economic development.The National Environment Protection Act, 2007It came into for ce on the 16th day of the 6th month of the Female Fire Pig Year of the Bhutanese calendar, corresponding to 31 July 2007 which extends to whole Bhutan.All other acts and policies governing the use of land, water, forest, minerals and other natural resources will be in agreement with this act. And provision of all existing laws relating to environment which disagrees with this act can no longer have any legal force.The purpose of this act. is to protect and conserve the environment by the National Environment Commission by implanting an effective system ,designation of sufficient authorities and constitution of other advisory committees, so as to on an individual basis regulate and promote sustainable development in an equitable manner.Environmental principles.The people and the government one after the other shall continue to try to consider and adopt its developmental policies, plans and programs in harmony with the following environmental policiesThe policy of fundamental right and duty states that every being has jibe right to live in a safe and healthy environment but he even have to protect and promote the environment for the wellbeing of the country.The inter-generational equity says that it is the responsibility of the present generation to maintain and enhance the health, diversity and productivity of the environment for the well-being of future generations.The middle path strategy states that the natural resource such as air, water, biodiversity, soil, minerals, forest shall not be compromised for the economic development achieving the policy of sustainable development. According to political relations Middle Path Strategy economic development and environmental conservation shall receive equal priority.The precautionary principle compels any developmental activity taking place should be well planned and executed in harmony with the nature and must foresee its potential drop to overcome the damages. Any person using the natural resource from the environment or deriving economic benefits must ensure sustainable use and manage them well and their ecology.Making excuses at the time of environment damage to be managed later shall not be accepted.The principle or 3RsEach states that each and every activity shall be planned and made operational in ways causing the least(prenominal) possible change on the environment, with least jeopardy and minimize the consumption of raw materials and energy during construction, production, distribution and role at the exceed considering the principles of reduce, reuse and recycle and prevent or correct environmental impacts at first.The polluter pays principle obliges any person polluting the environment or causing harm to the ecology is liable to pay the cost for containment, avoidance, abatement, medical compensation, mitigation, remediation and restoration. The local government departments , institutions, persons, businesses and the organisation protecting the rules regarding environment must cooperate with each other. The uniformity of the system (environmental protection) shall be guaranteed by the government, state authorities, and the private sectors via appropriate policies, plans and Program such as environmental assessment processes, norms, incentives, fiscal policies and other instruments.The right to information policy allows every person the right to know about the state of the environment and all activities which are intended to do that could have adverse effects on the environment.The access to justice allows person to seek legal redress for any harm or that could cause negative effect to a persons right of a safe and healthy environment.The sovereign rights principle states that the state has power over renewable and non-renewable natural resources within the limits of its national jurisdiction.The principle of payments for environment services states any person using or extracting natural resources shall be liable to pay for ecosystem m/environmental services.Examples of successes in protecting environment in BhutanThe implementation of pedestrian day on june5th (world environment day) on all Tuesdays from 8am to 6pm in the recent years to protect the environment by reducing pollution, promoting human health and community interaction have come up as a massive success. The move was appreciated by many other dzongkhags and some evenhad implemented it albeit showdowns by many peoples.Implementation of green tax encourages people to buy environment friendly or electric cars as no taxes are levied on those because of no pollution being produced. It reduces the demand for motor vehicles due to high cost which eventually reduces environmental pollution.According to chophel, k. (2012) the NEC is being stringent by full time monitoring whether mining quarries are complying with the rules and by implementing corrective measures. They are also going to train private miners for better knowledge regarding mining that would cause less enviro nmental damages.The RSPN protecting the Phobjika Valley (Wangdue Phodrang District), home to many endangered species such as the Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis) have led to increase in the number of such species that makes the country looks unique and aesthetic.The Memelakha waste disposal site in Thimphu has proved to be best method of waste management within Thimphu municipality and because of the success , the authorities have identify a landfill site in Phuntsholing similar to that in Thimphu and it is pass judgment that this site will get developed shortly. Government has also identified landfill sites for 10 other urban centres.The process of logging which was detrimental to the environment is no longer prevalent.The government laws that penalize the offender helps maintain the forest cover. Bhutan imposed a ban on timber exports, though domestic timber harvesting remains heavily regulated under a network of foresters and road checkpoints.The government of Bhutan that h ad banned certain agriculture practices regarding to Tsheriagriculture which is especially prevalent among Sharchops and Lhotshampas since 1969 has reduced the impact on environment and is such practices are rare to find in this modern times.The Clean Bhutan project of RSPN and various other relevant stakeholders to bring about collaboration in addressing the urgent needs and identify measures to combat the increasing solid waste issues at individual, household, institution and community levels has been a success.Most of the times its given in Bhutanese news papers and Bhutan Board dramatis personae Service (BBS) that many people are lending their leisure time in helping collecting bio-degradable and non-biodegradable waste in and around city, at scared sites and prime places.The new policy of making the country clean and green in which every house owner and shopkeepers compelled to keep a waste/trash bin outside the house/shop and even cleaning the surroundings have come up as big success. Peoples failing to provide bins and found with dirty surroundings were levied fined by the respective authorities.Shortcomings in environment protectionFour years ago, the country had initiated a measure with the intriguing acronym HEHE Helping our environment, health and economyto be implemented in Sarpang. The move failed to sustain, and died after a few months.The increase in the number of vehicles has enormous effect on the ecology. The level of pollution emitted by those vehicles is tremendous and detrimental to not only to ecology but to the animateness beings.Albeit knowing the harmful effects of over-utilization of the natural environment , Human beings pick development prime. They promote deforestation and construction of roads through the jungles to live a comfortable and easy life(easy transport of crops and vegetables).Bhutan being a developing country with most of its people illiterate unaware of consequences throw non-degradable waste such as papers, plast ics and bottles in rivers, surroundings at ease that harms environment.In some parts of the country, people have to walk for 10 kilometres or more to fetch water because their water sources have dried up and some have access to water based on timings which keeps people disgruntled. The reasons they cite for water shortages are More people than they used to have before i.e. overpopulation leading to environment problems and Landslides causing blockages and breakages.According to Chophel, k. (2012) lack of dependant manpower(professional miners),inspectors and operators in mining field is causing more devastation to environment and peoples complain of dust emissions from the factories and the gargantuan trucks plying on the road emitting lots of dust not only affects the environment but also the human health and growth of crops.References used for the assignmentJarbie (2012) ,In Wikipedia. Retrieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_BhutanTshewang,D. (2010,marc h25).Japans qsp implementation report . Retrieved from http//www.env.go.jp/chemi/saicm/assembly/100325/mat03-1.pdfNational Environment Commision(n.d.).Principles of applicable to environmental protection. Retrieved from http//www.nec.gov.bt/legislation/NEPA%20_ENG.pdfYeshey,P. (n.d.). MEMELAKHA hook DISPOSAL SITE IN THIMPHU, BHUTAN.Retrived from http//www.3rkh.net/3rkh/files/03%20MEMELAKHA%20WASTE%20DISPOSAL%20SITE,%20THIMPHU,%20BHUTAN.pdfFood And Ariculture Organization Of The United States (n.d.). Principles of applicable to environmental pritection. Retrieved from http//faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/bhu78334E.pdfGyeltshen,N. ( 2012, September 12). Green tax slashed to 20%.Retrieved fromhttp//www.kuenselonline.com/2011/?p=33101,Batra,A. (June6,2012). Central Thimpu becomes pedestrian zone on World Environment Day. Retrieved from http//www.downtoearth.org.in/ sate/tuesdays-are-pedestrians-day-out-bhutan

Effect of Ayurvedic Drug on Drosophila Melanogaster

Effect of Ayurvedic Drug on drosophila MelanogasterDr. Sonali Sengupta*Namrata Sain,Lathika J,Akshay TharaliAbstract-The fruit fly drosophila melanogaster known as a model being is widely use in mammal cellular and developmental studies. Its vast genome similarity with the worlds has facilitated for various transmitted and physiological studies. Ayurvedic medication represents a traditional form of medication employ to treat various charitable illness and anomalies. This written report aims to study the resultant role of an anti-paralytic ayurvedic medicate on the physiological and behavioural pattern of motivity forged and neurophysiology defective strain of drosophila. This study will also help us to draw an analogy to the erect or action of these ayurvedic doses on human system and further lead us to better to a lower placestanding of the stipulate.Keywords- drosophila melanogaster, Ayurvedic , behavioural, physiologicalIntroduction-Drosophila melanogaster acts as an ideal species for model systems and dose fundamental fundamental interaction studies. Due to its feasibility for culturing and short reproductive cycle it is used in various factortic research prospectives. The drosophila genome on grade of its similarity with the human genome can be studied extensively to come out certain genes involved in disease condition and also concern in lowstanding the various regulatory mechanisms that are associated with it. Study of dose interaction in Drosophila can be very easily co- cereb position to its effect on populace and therefore various medicine interaction studies have been conducted in various conditions thereby relating it to the geno character reference.Drug interaction with Drosophila can be used to study its genotoxic effect as easily as any rectifying effect on the expressed pheno type of the organism. Locomotion meter and neurophysiology defective mutants of Drosophila melanogaster exhibit both structural and functional freakishness and can be considered analogus to human paralysis condition owing to the non-functioning of neurons bear on the hefts. The ebony (e11) mutants of drosophila give locomotor rhythm defect along with a defect in the electrophysiology properties of the neurons, muscles leading to the characteristic movement defect. This condition can be related to the paralytic condition in humans and dose interaction with these mutants can be used as a future way for compendium and cure of the condition in humans.Ayurveda has delineated a field of medications and formulations that have been used to treat various human abnormality conditions in India. Ayurvedic medicine represents various treated plant extracts and formulations which cease certain important compounds that target the affected sites in human inconvenience oneself conditions. These ayurvedic medicines can be considered as an example of medications which have their efficacy related to the genoptypic constitution of the subject. Various anti-paralytic ayurvedic drugs target the neuronal and muscular components of the affected condition. This paper aims at studying the effect of such an Ayurvedic drug on the travel and neurophysiology defective mutants of Drosophila melanogaster and relating it to the human complex disorder conditions.Materials and Methods-2 types of strains were used.1.Canton-SDrosophila melanogaster of Canton-S bats type strain were obtained from Dr. Kavitha Thirumurugan, VIT University. They were maintained, growd and outbred in great(p) population in optimum temperature in our laboratory.2. e11 (Dmele11tm3)The ebony e11 mutants were obtained from NCBS, Bangalore. They were cultured on corn repast sensitive maintained at 24C. The mutants showed phenotypic characteristics of locomotion rhythm and neurophysiology defective.Drug-The Ayurvedic drug used was Amukkara choorana purchased from a local ayurvedic medicine shop in Vellore in form of tablets .The main ingredient of th is medicine is Amukkara or Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). Amukkara Choornam has an anti-arthritic activity and it is a restorative and nervine tonic.Experiment-The wild type wing were cultured in 3 types of diet- (i) corn meal forte without drug (ii) medium with 0.01g drug i.e 100microgram of drug for 100 ml.(iii) medium with 0.05g drug i.e 500microgram of drug for 100 ml. (iv) medium with 0.1g drug i.e 1000 microgram of drug for 100 ml.The e11 mutants were also cultured in corn meal medium with and without out drug of the above mentioned concentration of drug.To observe drug administration from larval give, 30 chimerical type larva were also culture in normal medium as sanitary as in medium with the above mentioned drug concentrations. The larva were transferred using a thin pigment brush and carefully planted on the medium and cultured at constant temperature.Assays-1. Survival Assay-The wild type and mutant fly were cultured in normal and drug medium for 7days (1 week) and their rate of endurance was measured.2. Climbing Assay-10 wild type and mutant locomote were discovered for their characteristic upgrade ability in normal and drug medium.3. weightlessness dainty Assay-10 wild type and mutant files from each kinfolk were exposed to a cast down source for 2-5 minutes and their anti-geotrophic behaviour was observed.4. Polytene chromosome analysis- unused type larva were dissected and polytene chromosomes were observed by acteocarmine staining for any chromosomal abberations. The larvae were collected from both normal and drug medium which were dissected with a mounted needle on a glass slide under the microscope and the polytene chromosomes were removed from the salivary glands. The polytene chromosomes were then fixed using freshly vigilant chilled fixative (Methanol Acetic acid 31) and stained with acetocarmine dye. It was then washed with diametric acetic acid,cover slip was placed . Mounting was done and observed under microscope.R ESULTS-Rate of Survival-Fig 1- Graph representing the survibility cheque of the Wild type and e11 mutant flies over a period of 7 days cultured in corn meal medium without drug and with drug at 3 different concentrations (0.01g, 0.05g and 0.1g per 100 ml)Fig 2- Wild type and e11 mutant flies cultured in corn meal medium.Climbing assay-Fig 3- e11 mutant in 0.1g drug food showing atmospheric static port (lower one)Light Sensitive Assay- The light sensitive assay was performed on Day 4-Wild type in normal food- The flies showed anti-geotropic fashion i.e attraction towards light. 8 out 10 were attracted towards lightWild type in 0.01g drug food- showed spring movement and falling cycle.Wild type in 0.05g drug food- Flies showed geotropic behavior i.e withdrawl from light source.Wild type in 0.1g drug food- Flies show complete withdrawl from light i.e they prefer to stay in dark magnetic variation in Normal food- On exposure to light it showed in general static behavior with minim al movement and difficulty in climbing due to weak muscle strength.Mutant in 0.01 drug food- Extreme static behavior and difficulty in moving.Mutant in 0.05g and 0.1g drug food- Not viable.Fig4-Wild type flies in 0.1g drug food showing withdrawl from light exposure.Polytene chromosome analysis- Polytene chromosome analysis revealed no chromosomal abberations in the wild type flies post exposure to wide-ranging concentrations of drugDISCUSSION-In the above study both wild type and ebony mutant flies were cultured in triple types of drug medium with each medium having increasing concentration of drug. both the wild type and mutant flies showed decrease in excerpt rate in food with drug concentration 0.1g as well as in 0.05g with a more potent decrease in the 0.1g indicating lethality due to the drug dose. So the drug concentration was decreased to 0.01g which showed no decrease in survival rate for the wild type flies whereas the mutant flies showed less decrease in survival rate in dicating minimal concentration of drug may induce a supportive effect on survival rate.The Climbing assay showed that the mutants in 0.1 and 0.05g drug food showed shibire behaviour and inability to cling to the wall thus inferring muscle weakness before the drug proved lethal. Whereas mutants in 0.01g drug medium showed reduced climbing pace and static movement but had a positivist effect on survival rate. Wild type flies in drug food showed no change in sign days but depicted slow climbing rate in later days. But when the drug was exposed from the larval stage, it showed a positive effect on the climbing as well as jumping behavior. Thus it can be concluded that the if the drug is exposed to the organism from the larval stage it produces a better effect as compared with crowing stage. Thus it may concluded that incorporation of the drug during the larval stage may produce a curable effect as compared to that during big(a) stage, but further studies need to be done.Light sensi tive assay revealed that wild type flies in 0.05g and 0.1g drug food showed geotropic behavior and complete withdrawl from light respectively. Mutants in drug food showed mostly static response to light.This study aims at finding out the drug interaction with the defective gene thereby drawing an analogy with the human genome. The effect of these drugs on the drosophila genome may provide an analogy as to which gene may be affected in case of patients with paralytic or muscular disorders and may also provide possible means of therapy for the anxiety and treatment of the disorders.REFERENCES-In Vivo Effects Of Traditional Ayurvedic Formulations in Drosophila melanogaster representative Relate with Therapeutic Applications by Vibha Dwivedi et.al 2012.The effects of exogenous antioxidants on life and oxidative stress resistance in Drosophila melanogaster by Tapiwanashe Magwere et.al 2006dopamine modulates acute responses to cocaine, nicotine and ethanol in Drosophila Roland J. Baint on et .al 2000.Mutant human torsin A responsible for early onset dystonia, dominantly suppresses GTPCH expression, Dopamine levels and locomotion in Drosophila melanogaster by O donnell JM et al 2011.Drug resistance of bacteria commensal with Drosophila melanogaster in laboratory cultures Sultan, R et al 2001.The pattern of campaniform sensilla on the wing and haltere of Drosophila melanogaster and several of its homeotic mutants by Eric S. Cole et al 1982.A gene necessary for normal male courtship, yellow, acts downstream of unproductive in the Drosophila melanogaster larval brain by Mark David Drapeau et al 2003.Tyrosine and catecholamine metabolism in wild-type Drosophila melanogaster and a mutant, ebony by Ross B. Hodgetts et al 1976.Neurophysiological defects in temperature-sensitive paralytic mutants of Drosophila melanogaster by Siddiq et al 201.Electrophysiological Correlates of sculptural relief and Activity in Drosophila melanogaster by Douglas A Nitz et al 2002.