Minor Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Minor Paper - Essay Example identify that there are issues around the financial control, particularly the bank reconciliation and capacity and skill level in financial reporting. The 2013 financial statements were not submitted in time (Mulgan, 2013). The finance director informed me that this was due to the late implementation of the regulatory assurance approach and the way the new external auditor was conducting their work with rigor. During the review, the management issued me with the draft of the Price Water-house Coopers management letter in relation to the year ended 31st December 2013, which has twenty recommendations to the financial administration. It points out a number of areas in financial administration within the department that needs improvement. These include the general level of skills, capacity and competence reporting of the financial across the department is not at the level they should be in light with the government expansion and the increasing complexity in reporting of the financial statements (Parliament of Australia, 2007). Close observation of the financial statements of the department reveals that the department has not demonstrated a consistent and disciplined approach to bank reconciliation. This was noted in the external auditor’s management letter and acknowledged by the department. The other area of the review is the supplier and the professional services that are carried out by the department. It was not practicable for the review to look at the entire procurement practices with the department and all those for the government, but focused on the issues in board minutes. The board minutes indicated that there had been procedural irregularities in respect to certain contracts of the department and the government lets and that the extent of irregularities was a notch higher in the department (Business Council of Australia, 2008). My procedural review into the discrepancies of the procurement procedures also revealed so. I came to realize that there were

Physiological Impacts of World War Two Essay Example for Free

Physiological Impacts of World War Two Essay When a soldier enlists into the military forces they know they are going in to fight for their country and freedom for everyone. They spend months training and preparing for the war and what to come. They learn to fight, shoot, and kill enemies, but what they do not learn is how to cope with the after math of the war. Soldiers in war every year come home with many post traumatic effects from what they had witnessed. During world war two this was known as shell shock; however what can be concluded is that world war two impacted the soldiers emotionally and physiologically from the time they entered to post war. World War Two was one of the biggest struggles nations everywhere have ever seen. â€Å"It killed more people, costs more money, damaged more property, and affected more people†¦than any other war in history† (The History on the Net Group). People everywhere were in panic when the War started. With all the damage done during the war it can be imagined how the soldiers were traumatized by losing their fellow soldiers. â€Å"The number of people killed, wounded, or missing between September 1939 and September 1945 can never be calculated, but it is estimated that more than 55 million people perished† (The History on the Net Group). Soldiers were devastated by the tragedies that occurred at the time of war. However, before the war started there were a lot of causes that went into why everything ended up in war. World War Two began in September 1939 when Britain and France declared war on Germany following Germany’s invasion of Poland. The war was triggered by Germany’s invasion of Poland but the causes of the war are far beyond this fact. After World War One had occurred Woodrow Wilson, the president of the United States of America wanted to make a treaty on his four point plan to bring peace to Europe. Other countries involved in this treaty did not have the same idea as President Wilson. George Clemenceau wanted revenged. He wanted to make sure Germany would never be able to start a war again. When Germany received this treaty they were very surprised with the terms. The terms included, war guilt clause, which meant Germany accepted all the blame for  World War One. Reparations, Germany had to pay millions in damage from the war. Disarmament, Germany could not have tanks or air force and land was taken away from them and given to other countries. The Germans were not happy with this treaty and thought of it as very harsh. However the Germans took responsibility and continued on in hope to get revenge later. In 1919, to help keep the world safe for democracy the League of Nations was set up. League of Nations would intend that if there were disagreements between countries they would negotiate rather than fight. The failure of the League of Nation can be summarized by points such as, not all countries joining in such as Germany as a punishment and Russia because of the spread of communism. The League of Nations had no power or any army. Countries were hesitant to get involved with an aggressive country and taking direct action against them. These things led to the fall of the League of Nations. People were angry because they did not want to cut off resources with other countries, even if they were aggressive because during the late 1920’s depression hit most of them. â€Å"The depression destroyed the market for imported silk from Japan, which had provided the country with two fifths of its export income’’ (The History on the Net Group). Economic problems played a fundamental part in the cause of World War 2. Germany, one of the poor countries became crippled in power and vulnerable. When Adolf Hitler came into power he immediately began placing blame on other countries and making Germany at the top of resources again. All these aspects lead to the start of World War two in Europe. As the war in Europe continued President Franklin D. Roosevelt told America he did not want to get involved. He thought it was better to stay neutral in this matter and let them handle their own battle. The United States decided to eventually join the war after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, however the issues had started years before Pearl Harbor was attacked. It starts with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, China. The Japanese invade Manchuria on September 18th, 1931. China was in the middle of a depression, so the Japanese had the upper hand. When Russia found this out they were enraged meaning America was as well, being alliances with Russia. Also, â€Å"the Japanese invading China violated the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 which renounced war as national policy† (Ketchum). The United states told Japan  if they dont get out of China, they would stop trading oil with them. Japan stayed in China so the U.S stopped trading oil. Japan disliked this and held a grudge on America for years. Besides this, The US was already trading with other countries through the Lend-Lease Act, a document allowing the US to lend countries like Britain war materials in exchange for money. Germany was also angry that America was helping their enemies. As a result the Nazi’s decide to sink the U.S supply ships to help keep them from sending resources to other countries. However, President Roosevelt did not want to enter war until the attack of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii occurred. This pushed the United States into the war officially on December 8, 1941. Right after we entered the war Hitler declared war on the United States. Followed by a United States declaration of war against Germany, and then the United States was fully involved in the war. America did not want to go to war but when America was targeted they decided to counter attack, however they did not plan on going to war with Germany but once they did it lead to one of the biggest and bloodiest wars of all time in history. My grandfather, Edward Weil was lucky and un lucky enough to be able to experience World War 2. As a veteran of war he tells me all his stories about what the war was like. â€Å"The war was a very hard time.† He tells me, â€Å"it was rough but it also brought the nation closer together and America’s pride shined.† When I asked my grandfather why he joined the war he has told me about the attack of pearl harbor and how everyone had to stand for the pledge of allegiance out of respect and when he put his hand to his heart a navy officer came up to him and told him, â€Å"You would look very good in a uniform.† It really made my grandfather look at what he wanted to do and how he wanted to protect his nation. At the same time joining the war also impacted him in a negative way. During the war my grandfather was nervous but knew this was what he wanted to do. He saw the Japanese bomb his mother ship and his sailors being killed and put on the edge of the deck to take back and bury. These experiences get scarred into soldiers minds forever. They cannot escape what they saw and those horrific actions done to one another. My grandfather was only 17 years old when he entered war. He wanted freedom and security for the American people. However, as a young teenage boy still the war affected his emotions and to this day it is still  a very sentimental and emotional topic to him. During my interview with my grandfather as I talked about what he wished he could change about the war, he started to tear up and told me about all the people lost to the war and his friends. His ship pulled next to another ship while it was burning and the people were asking for help and they tried to save as many people as they could. My grandfather even lost his left hearing due to the war. He is very proud to show his metals from the war and how he helped our nation. My grandfather is very proud to be a world war to veteran.

A Comparison of Biographic Features in The Sun Also Rises and The Great

A Comparison of Biographic Features in The Sun Also Rises and The Great Gatsby The writers F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway included biographical information in their novels The Great Gatsby and The Sun Also Rises that illuminated the meaning of the work. Although The Sun Also Rises is more closely related to actual events in Hemingway's life than The Great Gatsby was to events in Fitzgerald's life, they both take the same approach. They both make use of non-judgemental narrators to comment on the "lost generation". This narrator allows Fitzgerlald and Hemingway to write about their own society. Fitzgerlald comments on the jaded old-wealth society of the Eastern United States and the corruption of the American Dream. Hemingway comments on the effects of World War I on the "lost generation" and the hope for the future in the next generation. By adding biographical features into their novels both Fitzgerald and Hemingway are able to give their novels that extra depth because the plot of the novels are more realistic and accurately reflect the society of the times. The story in Fitzgerald's book contains basic ideas from his life, not nessesarily actual events. Several characters have biographical characterization and the novel reflects his own experiences. Hemingway's novel, however, is almost entirely based on actual events that happened to Hemingway and a group of his friends. This enhances the realism of The Sun Also Rises. Fitzgerald and The Great Gatsby In his novel, The Great Gatsby Francis Scott Fitzgerald includes many autobiographical features to enhance and illuminate the themes of the work. Certain main characters like Daisy Buchannon, Jay Gatsby, and the narrator Nick Carraway are repre... ...emingway are able to enhance the meaning of their work and provide extra credibility and realism into their plot. Fitzzgerald takes a rejection from his life and uses that idea to expand off from to write a social commentary on the corruption of the American Dream by the old-rich of the Eastern United States. Hemingway takes actual events from his life and used that as a basis for the plot of his novel. This enhanced the theme by describing the effect of World War I on Hemingway's generation. Bibliography: Works Cited Baker, Carlos. Ernest Hemingway, A Life Story. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1969 p147-155 Donaldson, Scott. Fool for Love. New York: Dell Publishing, 1983 Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co, 1980 Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co, 1986

Intercultural Luxury Draft

He has won he â€Å"Town and Country Couture Award† three times in a row. ; He has his showroom and atelier in Istanbul Sample jewelry Seven Bikini's PRI Raise bracelet showing a wealth of techniques including microcosmic, miniature painting, calligraphy and an intricate pave of diamonds that recreates this early cartographer's discoveries It's not all about history and culture in Seven Bikini rings. This one is topped by two fluffy chicks that look real enough to stroke. Not the old cut diamonds on the shank of the ring with silver-foil backings Seven Bikini Seagulls over Istanbul ring.The seagulls appear to float in an azure sky ever the microcosmic scene depicting the history of Istanbul Seven Bikini Pomegranate ring. The pomegranates are carved into the back of a precious stone that is mounted into the outsized ring set with diamonds Seven Bikini ring with miniature paintings of Istanbul on the sides and a quartz dome Seven Bikini ring showing a range of techniques includi ng intaglio carving and calligraphy More marine inspiration in this Seven Bikini ring that wraps a starfish around the finger topped by a gorgeous baroque pearl.Rose-cut diamonds stand out against the oxidized metal Safety ring Turkey: Seven Bias India Culture of the country in relation to luxury Protestant ethic: against show and excess; modesty Luxury goods are bought for esthetics value rather than for show Rising middle class buys luxury for its status. Aware of only the ubiquitous international luxury brands. With increasing travel, there IIS more awareness. Culture of jewelry wearing Classic jewelry tends to be more reserved, sober, discrete More jewelry worn for special occasions Jewelry (esp. gold) is considered an investment vehicle.Most of the buying is done during wedding season and for some religious festivals. Few elites buy jewelry from international designer brands. Image of the brand Ð’Â « Seven Black Ð’Â » Silver and gold more popular than semi-precious ston es Arabic (? ) calligraphy not a trend in UK jewelry Local jewelry houses are preferred. Better rates and more ethnic style. Semi-precious stones are picking up in popularity, although highest demand for gold and diamonds. Culture of colors Muted, natural colors preferred, not bright colors Lots of bright colors.Inherent in culture. Shiny gold. Business culture People do not negotiate for People always negotiate when it KICK: Barberry ; Created in 1856 ; Barberry Group Pl is a British luxury fashion souse, manufacturing clothing, fragrance, and fashion accessories. Its distinctive tartan pattern has become one of its most widely copied trademarks ; Most famous for its iconic trench coat, which was invented by founder Thomas Barberry ; The company has branded stores and franchises around the world, and also sells through concessions in third-party stores.HAM Queen Elizabeth II and HRS The Prince of Wales have granted the company Royal Warrants ; The Chief Creative Officer is Christop her Bailey. The company is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FETES 100 Index Barberry originals or inspired by Tu reek The headscarf, adapted from the classic Barberry scarf ; Colors muted, classic sense of the house style as seen in the LIKE India Use of bolder colors, textures, patterns The Trench' very popular Sense of fun, mixing modern style with old traditions ELK: Barberry Islamic culture doesn't like excess, luxury.Resistance of consumers for Christian and Jewish origin brands usury is used as a status symbol. Esp. the middle class. Aware of major international brands. Luxury from the west, IEEE Europe preferred. Culture of fashion wearing Being fashionable while adapting the rules of Islam. Increasing economic level and globalization created demand for Islamic fashion brands Western fashion is gaining in importance. Both day Wear and evening wear. Has to co exist alongside ethnic clothes. Demand for well known brands alongside good fit.Conserva tive to a large extent. Trends dictated by movie stars. Image of the brand Ð’Â « Barberry Ð’Â » Very adaptable products ( scarves and trench coats) with neutral beige colors, modern but not sex appeal, branded and high quality, in line with Islamic fashion. Problem with Christian origin, and interpretation of symbols of the cross on the basis of checker design Well known. Its accessories more popular than main offerings. Barberry Bruit launched recently. Perfumes, wallets, shoes etc do very well. Known as British brand.

Assignment on Brand Building Nike Marketing

Assignment On Brand Building Nike Marketing Essay History Nike is a major publicly traded sportswear and equipment supplier based in the United States. It is the world's leading supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment with revenue in excess of $18. 6 billion USD in its fiscal year 2008. It employed more than 30,000 people worldwide. The company was founded in January 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports by Bill Bowerman and Philip Knight, and officially became Nike, Inc. in 1978. The company takes its name from Nike the Greek goddess of victory.Nike markets its products under its own brand as well as Nike Golf, Nike Pro, Nike+, Air Jordan, Nike Skateboarding and subsidiaries including Cole Haan, Hurley International, Umbro and Converse. Nike also owned Bauer Hockey (later renamed Nike Bauer) between 1995 and 2008. In addition to manufacturing sportswear and equipment, the company operates retail stores under the Niketown name. Nike sponsors many high profile athletes and sports teams around the world, with the highly recognized trademarks of â€Å"Just do it† and the Swoosh logo.By 1980, Nike had reached a 50% market share in the United States athletic shoe market, and the company went public in December of that year. Its growth was due largely to ‘word-of-foot' advertising (to quote a Nike print ad from the late 1970s), rather than television ads. Nike's first national television commercials ran in October 1982 during the broadcast of the New York Marathon. The ads were created by Portland-based advertising agency Wieden+Kennedy, which had formed several months earlier in April 1982.Together, Nike and Wieden+Kennedy have created many print and television ads and the agency continues to be Nike's primary today. It was agency co-founder Dan Wieden who coined the now-famous slogan â€Å"Just Do It† for a 1988 Nike ad campaign, which was chosen by Advertising Age as one of the top five ad slogans of the 20th ce ntury, and the campaign has been enshrined in the Smithsonian Institution. San Franciscan Walt Stack was featured in Nike's first â€Å"Just Do It† advertisement that debuted on July 1, 1988.Wieden credits the inspiration for the slogan to â€Å"Let’s do it†, the last words spoken by Gary Gilmore before he was executed. Throughout the 1980s, Nike expanded its product line to include many other sports and regions throughout the world. What does the brand stand for? Nike stands for VICTORY. In Greek mythology, Nike was a goddess who embodied triumph. She assumed the role of the divine charioteer when Zeus was assembling allies for the Titan War; she flew around battlefields rewarding the victors with glory and fame.And the whole brand has been build around it, to convey one and only message, the one of the Victory, with a big V. While Nike started up its business selling sneakers, it reasonably hit the tipping point when the strong and sticky message which has dir ects impact on human's subconscious worn by top athletes and runners. The Nike logo  «Ã‚  swoosh  Ã‚ » was not only developed from the wing of the Greek Goddess Nike, it was also developed to impact again the subconscious of the consumer as well. How?Nike logo has the shape of a tick, and through life and education we get some automatism with tick which means right and the cross which means wrong. Nike,  «Ã‚  Just Do It  Ã‚ » happens to be the stickiest tagline ever. It wins over the hearts of hundred of millions of Nike fans, psychologically, subconsciously, imperceptibly, deadly. So the Nike brand stands for victory, and more precisely: Competency: as we used to quote the Nike co-founder Bill Bower mane who made this observation  «Ã‚  If you have a body, you are an athlete. High performance : Nike promotes its products by sponsorship agreements with celebrity athlete, professional and athletic teams, they sponsor Cricket in India an Football in France for example, the mo st popular sports > they focus only on winners Achievement : the message is pretty clear when you see champion in Olympics wearing Nike > it's just like the Nike sneakers brought him or her to achievement thanks to the spirit of the Victory Godess of Greek Never say Die attitude : the mission statement of Nike that the 30 000 employees across 6 continents make their own contribution to fulfill is > to bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world Nike’s changing Logo The Nike ‘Swoosh' embodies the spirit of the winged goddess, which the legend says inspired the most courageous and chivalrous warriors at the dawn of civilization. The first shoe to wear the swoosh logo was launched in 1972. In 2006, Nike has also experimented in its advertisements by removing the woosh altogether & Nike written in a new font, and this the old swoosh was toned down a bit. Nike Logo history Products by Nike Nike produces a wide range of sports equipment. Their first product s were track running shoes. They currently also make shoes, jerseys, shorts, baselayers etc. for a wide range of sports including track & field, baseball, ice hockey, tennis, Association football, lacrosse, basketball and cricket. Nike Air Max is a line of shoes first released by Nike, Inc. in 1987. The most recent additions to their line are the Nike 6. 0, Nike NYX, and Nike SB shoes, designed for skateboarding. Nike has recently introduced cricket shoes, called Air Zoom Yorker, designed to be 30% lighter than their competitors'.In 2008, Nike introduced the Air Jordan XX3, a high performance basketball shoe designed with the environment in mind. Nike sells an assortment of products, including shoes and apparel for sports activities for men, women, and children. Nike is well known and popular in youth culture, chav culture and hip hop culture as they supply urban fashion clothing. Nike recently teamed up with Apple Inc. to produce the Nike+ product which monitors a runner's performa nce via a radio device in the shoe which links to the iPod nano. While the product generates useful statistics, it has been criticized by researchers who were able to identify users' RFID devices from 18 m away using small, concealable intelligence motes in a wireless sensor network.Brand personality Nike has staked out a stylish, high-performance, innovative position in contrast to its competitors. It conveys the ideas of victory, puissance, sport attitude and masculinity. All these elements are emphasised by famous and successful sportive endorsement. With â€Å"Just do it Nike has promised its audience that the company is committed to the competitive spirit. Nike proposes that it will help people feel empowered, successful and best equipped to tackle the challenges of athletics. The company uses shades of gray and blue, which gives the brand a casual, unpretentious feeling. Nike’s famous swoosh creates feelings of movement and speed.Nike, the brand name itself, was once b etter known in Greek mythology as the goddess of victory. All these things and more give Nike its brand personality. How Does Nike maintain/communicate it’s intended brand image We shall concentrate on the marketing strategy of Nike by studying it’s 7 P model. Also, in the model itself we shall consider the integrated marketing communication adopted by Nike to enhance brand equity. Product Nike mainly concentrates on sportswear. The main product categories sold under Nike brand name include:http://gallery. clickthecity. com/albums/userpics/10006/pic56012. jpg Sports Footwear http://norcalsaversnest. com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/cole-haan-coupons-discounts. jpg ApparelsBags (Handbags and bagpacks) Sports accessories Sports equipment In other words, all product categories sold under the Nike brand name are directly or indirectly related to sports and athleticism which in turn is the core brand image/ identity of Nike. Other Nike Brands include Cole Haan which is into casual footwear & dresses, Nike Team Sports which sells headgear &Bauer Nike Hockey Inc. which specializes in hockey and skating equipment. Hence, Nike sells unrelated categories under other brand names thus preventing confusion in the minds of the consumer Tune Your Run: The recent venture between Apple and Nike integrates your iPod and running shoes.The main innovation is that your speed & distance data can be recorded in your iPod and then synchronized with your PC to keep a tab on your progress Nike has always strived for innovation which inturn shows in their product research and development. Strategic partnerships and alliances with the most innovative partners ensure Nike is the global leader when it comes to sportswear innovations. Some of the famous innovations include: 2. House of Hoops : Partnership with Footlocker to promote the basketball line of Nike productshttp://blog. luon. com/public/Nike. JPG 3. Mass customization: Use of flexible computer-aided manufactu ring systems to produce custom output.Those systems combine the low unit costs of  mass production  processes with the flexibility of individual  customization. Price Nike’s pricing is designed to be competitive to the other fashion shoe retailers. The pricing is based on the basis of premium segment as target customers. Nike as a brand commands high premiums. Nike’s pricing strategy makes use of vertical integration in pricing wherein they own participants at differing channel levels or take part in more than one channel level operations. This can control costs and influence product pricing. Promotion Promotion is largely dependent on finding accessible store locations. It also avails of targeted advertising in the newspaper and creating strategic alliances.Nike has a number of famous athletes that serve as brand ambassadors such as the Brazilian Soccer Team (especially Ronaldino, Renaldo, and Roberto Carlos), Lebron James and Jermane O’Neal for basketbal l, Lance Armstrong for cycling, and Tiger Woods for Golf. Nike also sponsors events such as Hoop It Up and The Golden West Invitational. Nike’s brand images, the Nike name and the trademark swoosh, make it one of the most recognizable brands in the world. Nike’s brand power is one reason for its high revenues. Nike’s quality products, loyal customer base and its great marketing techniques all contribute to make the shoe empire a huge success. Place Nike shoes are carried by multi-brand stores and the exclusive Nike stores across the globe. Nike sells its product to about 20,000 retail accounts in the U. S. and in almost 200 countries around the world.In the international markets, Nike sells its products through independent distributors, licensees and subsidiaries. Independent distributors need not adapt to local pressures because the 4Ps of marketing are managed by distributors. In terms of product differentiation, NIKE is also leading the market. The only compe titor nearly has an identical business is Adidas-Solomon. Product differentiation is healthy in the footwear industry and allows the company to increase its profits through the sale of different products. Another advantage of manufacturing a number of product lines is the reduction of risk in that if one product fails there are numerous other products to compensate for this loss.Companies in the apparel and footwear industry that concentrate on manufacturing a single product are at a great disadvantage since their revenues depend exclusively on the sales of only one type of product, therefore, increasing the potential default risk. NIKE designs most of its footwear for athletic use; however, in order to diversify its products, a large percentage of their products come from sales of footwear, apparel, and accessories for casual and leisure purposes. The company segments its products in variety of ways. First of all, it manufactures sports goods and accessories for three different gro ups of people: men, women and children. Each segment is carefully examined in terms of physical capabilities, sociological needs, and design preference.Another type of segmentation used by NIKE that helps to increase product diversification is achieved by offering footwear, apparel, accessories, such as NIKE watches or gym bags, as well as performance equipment, including sport balls, timepieces, eyewear, skates, bats, gloves, and others in virtually every type of sport: running, basketball, tennis, golf, soccer, baseball, football, bicycling, volleyball, wrestling, cheerleading, aquatic activities, hiking, fencing, and others. Besides the two segmentations described above, NIKE also has agreements for licensees to produce and sell NIKE brand items aside from athletic footwear and apparel. In part, this product differentiation is accomplished through strategic management planning by having the company sell NIKE brand timepieces, children’s clothing, school supplies, electroni c media devices, and other items. NIKE subsidiaries, such as Bauer NIKE Hockey Inc. , are yet another way the company segments its product lines.Specifically, the Bauer NIKE Hockey Inc. subsidiary manufactures and distributes ice skates, skate blades, in-line roller skates, protective gear, hockey sticks and many other licensed apparel and accessories that make NIKE stand out in its industry. Communication Gaps in Branding of Nike Nike brand stands for: Competency Achievement High performance Never say Die attitude Nike was present in India since 1996 but didn’t rezlied the Indian potential till 2005. In Dec 2005, Nike was tied up with BCCI & then later went on to become the official kit sponsor of Indian Cricket Team. In 2007, Nike released its first Cricket related advertisement in India(1).Globally Nike is a sports brand targeted to youth (mainly 15-35 yrs of age), but in India the brand is not restricted to youth or sports enthusiasts only. The brand is seen as a daily we ar brand & the customers ranging from youth who like to wear it to college to the old people who may just wear it when they are going out of their homes. The future roadmap for Nike – To Increase their Brand Equity Nike has faced a lot of international criticism due to its Sweatshops in 3rd world countries like Pakistan, Vietnam, Bangladesh etc. So, to convert this into an opportunity Nike should act as a socially responsible company & devise certain rules & regulations about the working conditions of their subcontractors.And if possible then Nike can also go for backward integration, and buy some of these subcontractors to increase their ownership & reduce their costs. The competition in the market in terms of Athletic goods is very high with major players like Adidas, Reebok, Puma, Fila etc. all growing their importance. To hedge its risk, Nike can also expand on its clothing line like currently in India Nike cotton T-shirts are available but they are available in very limi ted designs. So, Nike can grow a sports apparel maker to a fashion brand. The apparels division is the cash cow (according to BCG matrix) for Nike and thus, diversifying in this area will help Nike increase its bottomline. Thus, Nike can expand their business by expanding & adding a Daily wear clothes line to their portfolio.Nike can also sell the sports related product items which also have attributes like style & cool, something like Nike sunglasses, which are available in some countries but not in India. Nike is also under a lot of fad because of the plastics & other materials used in their shoes. So, rather than spending huge chunks on the celebrities, they can divert a small part of this advertising fund into R&D to produce green shoes i. e. environment friendly shoes. This would given them a heads up in the market in terms of innovation, would also give them a unique position in the minds of the responsible consumer, and of course an opportunity for free PR.Indian market being the world’s second largest (2) footwear manufacturer of the world has a huge opportunity of footwear sales. Thus, Nike can attack the middle & the lower end market by buying a current brand like Columbus or Welcome shoes and then manufacturing & marketing them in India. They can also, launch a complete new brand for the country & thus cater to the middle & lower segment. This way they can also cater to the vastly growing rural market of India. They have used the similar strategy by entering Walmart by buying the Starter brand, which is an apt brand for the value end of retail business. Read more:  http://www. ukessays. com/essays/marketing/assignment-on-brand-building-nike-marketing-essay. php#ixzz2O0SDwz7o

Racial Identity Development Personal Essay †Sociology Paper

Racial Identity Development Personal Essay – Sociology Paper Free Online Research Papers Racial Identity Development Personal Essay Sociology Paper My name is Hakyoon Anfo. I am 22 year olds and I am Korean. I just immigrate 3 years ago. Actually I grew up in Korea, so I can not speak in English. I did what I want to do when I was in Korea because there are 100% pure Koreans live in Korea and I am male, so nobody care what I want to do. I was the dominant group of majority,sexuality and most of categories, but it completely changed. After I immigrate here, I could not be majority or dominant group anymore. There are four categories of Identity development which are the White racial, Minority racial/Ethnic, Black racial and Biracial Identity development. (Poston) I am belonging to minority racial/ethnic identity development, so I do not have many disadvantages than native born or white people. One of disadvantages is ignoring or makes fun of me when I ask something to native born people. That happen makes me uncomfortable. My dad also had one of disadvantage happen last time. Actually previous owner used that heater, and he never used heater which is in his office, but ‘Puget sound energy’ charged my dad to pay previous payment. According to one of my math classmate Sun-Jae said, â€Å"I had disadvantage on buying my car!† Sun-Jae went to dealer to buy his car, and he did not get any profit and then they charged him to pay high interest and tax, but he did not know about that because he could not speak in English at that time. Also one of my classmates Josh said that he saw some bad situation that Asian his friends can not go inside the club because they are just Asian. I have some advantages too. It does not matter who is white or Asian or whatever other race people. Male can walk around the street or campus during the night time. That is what I did when I was in Korea too. Another advantage is my parents allow me to meet girl friend, even my mom love to see my girl friend, but my parents never allow let my sister have or meet any boy friend. I think most of parents want their daughter not to meet boy friend. The thing is that I have many disadvantages than what I have advantage after I immigrate here. I learned 4 categories of racial identity development and 4 stages of each category. Especially I memorized minority racial/ethnic category, but I do not think I changed my social life positively. I knew all the information that I can change my social life but it is really hard to overcome cultural conflict between Korea and the United States. I am always reminding those stages but sometimes I just lost my reason when minority situation came up to me, but now, way better than before I take this Intra America History class. It is going to be better and better so on. â€Å"It’s always been this way, and it always will† (Johnson, 142). This is one of his Myths in his chapter entitled: â€Å"What can we do?† I disagree with some parts of his words and I totally agree with some parts of his words. I do not like this passage that it’s always been this way, and it always will. Do we have to let it go same as what it did? I think we have to change if we can. Everything is process, the space between one point and another, the movement from one thing toward another, just like this century also one of step for the future. I totally agree with Johnson’s argue. There are so many different racial people or groups in the world, and they have different culture and customs each of them. So there are many problems, conflict between each other. The Johnson’s second Myth is Gandhi’s paradox and the myth of no effect, this myth story’s point is really similar with Korean Proverb Proverb. â€Å"If people in one united body, they will survive but if they separate by each one of them, they will die† (Korean proverb). That means if we respect each of different racial people or groups, we could live perfect world that does not have ‘ism’. So we must stop waiting wonderland and we should change our destiny. Research Papers on Racial Identity Development Personal Essay - Sociology PaperAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Hockey GameResearch Process Part OneCapital PunishmentThe Masque of the Red Death Room meanings

Manifest Destiny Essays

Manifest Destiny Essays Manifest Destiny Essay Manifest Destiny Essay The belief in Manifest Destiny. America’s right to spread out due west. was popular among the Democratic Party. which paved the way for struggle in U. S. political relations. In the 1840’s. Manifest Destiny was used as justification for the appropriation of Texas. the war with Mexico. and to get parts of Beaver state from the British. The argument over whether America truly had a manifest fate to spread out all the manner West or if it was used as an alibi to get more land led to arguments in U. S. political relations. Advocates of manifest fate. largely democratic. argued that the U. S. . as a more advanced civilization. had a God-given right to spread out its boundary lines. They believed the enlargement would educate the West and America’s democratic. cultural. and spiritual values would profit the Native Americans. In add-on. protagonists would reason that the belief would beef up the brotherhood. doing it invulnerable. On the opposing side. dwelling largely of the Whig party. the God-given right to spread out all the manner due west at the monetary value and rights of 1000s of guiltless indigens was blasphemy. The Whig party was non manifest fates merely critic. emancipationist. fearful of bondage spreading. argued that the fundamental law did non give the state the right to derive new land and the cou ntry’s critical establishments would endure as America was spread excessively thin. As more and more people migrated to the region in hope of becoming a successful farmer and becoming rich, the area became highly dense with slaves and wore out the soil very quickly. The invention of the cotton gin made it easier to harvest cotton, causing slave owners to buy more slaves and plant more plants, ventually causing them to need more land. This caused the southerners to pursue territorial expansion westward. The answer to many of these problems was the annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered a part of itself despite the Revolution of 1836. The northern states were largely opposed to the annexation of Texas because of the widespread fear of a war against Mexico and the danger of slavery growing; as Reverend William Ellery Charming wrote: l proceed now to what is to me the strongest argument against annexing Texas This measure will extend and erpetuate slavery (Document B). This disagreement led to some internal tension between the North and the South. The dispute over the borders of the new Republic of Texas and Mexico were never officially settled in 1835. Texas claimed the territory all the way to the Rio Grande River, whereas Mexico claimed that it only gave up the land past the Nueces River. After annexing Texas as the 28th state into the union in 1845, President James Polk claimed the border at the Rio Grande River, which provoked the Mexican-American War. The war was Justified by irrational reasons; for xample, an editor of the New York Sun wrote: The [Mexican] race is perfectly accustomed to being conquered e shall teach [them] that our victories will give liberty, safety, and prosperity (Document H). After a year and a half of conflict, the war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848, creating the Texan-Mexican border at the Rio Grande River and increasing the area of the United states Dy almost Oue to tne lana galnea In tne Mexlcan cession. Altnougn, efforts were made to prevent slavery from flourishing in Texas, it was declared a slave tate due to the Missouri Compromise of 1820. This enraged northerners as Texas was a gigantic state compared to any other state at the time; this would keep the House of Representatives in balance with slave states and free states but would allow slavery to grow tremendously over the period of the next few decades. The annexation of Texas put a big dent in the relationship between the North and the South. On the opposite side of the Mexican Cession, in the North-West, the Oregon Country was held in Joint occupation between Britain and the United States due to the Treaty of 1818. British trappers, farmers, and missionaries started settling in the Oregon Country starting in the 1830s. As there was no central government in the region, the residents of the region started meeting to discuss organizing a government for the area. This led to the American government being concerned and encouraging American citizens to migrate to the Oregon Country in order to prevent the British immigrants from taking over. As Thomas Hart Benton said in his speech in the U. S. Senate. . the Government will give protection and land Let the emigrants go on hey will make all quite there rive [the British] off our continent, quiet their Indians, and protect the American interests (Document A). One of the first migrations of U. S. citizens into the area was in 1839 when a group of 18 men set out to settle the area on behalf of the American government; this was followed by The Great Migration of 1843 when almost a thousand emigrants left for Oregon. Following the inauguration of James K. Polk as president after the election of 1844, the border of the Oregon Country was finally settled at 490 latitude, despite the riginal demand of 54040 latitude, in an agreement known as the Treaty Line of 1846. Emigrants flooded into the area in thousands, partly due to the California Gold Rush which started in 1849 but brought wealth to only a few. As more and more people migrated into the area, southerners started bringing slaves along with them, despite California being a free state. This, combined with the Compromise of 1850 which required all states to return run-away slaves to their owners due to the Fugitive Slave Act, enraged abolitionist and anti-slavery societies in the North causing a strain in he relations between northern and southern states. As more Americans moved westwards, many unsettled territories started being settled. Two of these territories were Kansas and Nebraska, set up in the Kansas- Nebraska Act of 1854 by Stephen Douglas. Despite the Missouri Compromise, the state government allowed voters to choose if they allowed slavery within each territory; this voting method later became known as Popular Sovereignty. Although both states were considered free states, this led to the Bleeding Kansas, a series of political confrontations about whether Kansas should enter the Union as a slave state r a free state. After a very lengthy debate, Kansas entered the Union as a free state, angering southern slave owners. This was reversed in the Dred Scott vs. Sanford case; it was brought to the Supreme Court when a slave, who was brought to a free state by his owner, tried to sue him and gain freedom. Although this was a huge failure due to the Supreme Court ruling that blacks, free or slaves, should not be considered American citizens and thus could not sue in court, it sparked wide public aeoates over slavery an IT t a ne Drea Scott vs. sanTora aeclslon was constltutlonal or ot. As it was determined to be unconstitutional, the decision to the case rendered many U. S. citizens angry due to the government breaking a constitutional law. This, in turn, angered many northerners over the fact that the government supported slavery, severely damaging the connections and associations between the North and the South. As the mid-1800s gradually went by, many events changed the relations, for the better and the worse, between the northern and southern states. Different points of views, like these, on numerous different things would eventually be the cause of he Civil War in the 1860s. Although, it united and expanded the country after the Civil War, manifest destiny divided the United States in the mid-19th century by incorporating to contrasting philosophies about social, political, and economical foundations of the new regions gained by the United States within that time period. Territorial expansion shaped many types of social divisions in the American society due to slavery, created new enemies for the States as a result of the annexation of Texas, and severed the relations between the North and the South because of the Dred vs. Scott decision.

How to Write a Research Paper on Breast Cancer

How to Write a Research Paper on Breast Cancer Research Paper on Breast Cancer How to start a research paper on breast cancer Tips on how to start Example of an outline Example of a breast cancer research paper thesis Example of an introduction How to write body paragraphs for a research paper on breast cancer Tips on body writing Example of the 1st body paragraph Example of the 2nd body paragraph Example of the 3rd body paragraph How to finish a research paper on breast cancer Tips on conclusion writing Example of a conclusion Tips on research paper revision How to start a research paper on breast cancer The first is to think about the introductory part of the research paper on breast cancer that aims to catch the eyes of the reader. Researching is important to know more about the prevalence of breast cancer, the cause, the prevalence, and the impact on the population. The rationale is to gain more knowledge about breast cancer that is potentially hazardous to the longevity and the health and well-being of the person. Tips on how to start A research paper must have an introduction to introduce the topic that will try to familiarize the leaders about the topic that will be discussed. The researcher should collect important data to ensure that the research process is ready to consolidate and present it to the audience. There should be an outline for each research study on a certain topic such as breast cancer as one of the most dangerous diseases in the world today. Identify what method of analysis will be applied to the research paper if it is either qualitative or quantitative. A research paper must have at least a thesis statement that provides a formal way to introduce the topic to the readers. Example of an outline I. Introduction A. Background about breast cancer B. Problem statement about breast cancer C. History of breast cancer D. Thesis II. Body Section A. Factors affecting breast cancer B. Why breast cancer is a concerning disease III. Body Section A. Complications of breast cancer B. Pathophysiology of breasts with cancer IV. Body Section A. Diagnostic testing B. Breast cancer treatment C. Prevention against breast cancer V. Conclusion A. Relating the background of the story B. Restating the thesis. Example of a breast cancer research paper thesis Women who fail to conduct breast self-assessment indicate lack of awareness about the risk of developing breast cancer. Others do not undergo a regular check-up to determine if they are either at risk or not for developing breast cancer. Females only notice that they are now suffering if they are already feeling the signs and symptoms until it is already too late to undergo for treatment. Example of introduction Breast cancer is defined as the process of suffering from both benign and malignant tumors on either or both of the breasts of the patient. This is caused by either a modifiable or nonmodifiable risk factor which concerns with the severity and the prevalence on the presence of cancer cells on the affected parts of the body. Breast cancer is a life-threatening disease, especially if the stage of the disease is already on its terminal stage without being screened (Siu, 2016). The cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body, causing another form of infection to the affected tissue or organ of the body. This paper will be discussing the prevalence rate, mortality, and morbidity of breast cancer, which affects millions of patients around the world. How to write body paragraphs for a research paper on breast cancer Every researcher should know that the body paragraph of every research paper is important because it seeks to expound the main discussion of the subject. The body is where the main topic is being discussed. Researchers will be able to define, relate examples, and its impacts on the target individuals regarding the issues that are relevant to the research topic. Tips on body writing The body should be segmented into different parts that separately discuss several key issues relevant to the main subject of the study. Each segment should have a literature study to further explain the significance of the main subject matter to different kinds of topics being discussed from the paper. The body needs credible sources as the researcher explains the relevance of the subject matter through specific details that are connected with the research topic. Each discussion from every segment of the research should be supported with examples to narrate the whole scenario of the topic being discussed. Each discussion should be always concise and not be beating around the bush. Example of the 1st body paragraph The modifiable cause of breast cancer is related to the lifestyle of the patient, which affects their health. This includes their sedentary lifestyle, which plays an important role in limiting their proactive lifestyle, impacting their health and longevity. The non-modifiable factor is attributed to their gender as a female because most sufferers of breast cancers are all females. Heredity and age is also an inevitable scenario, impacting the risk of developing similar health care situation to the next generation kin of the patients (Biswas, Oh, Faulkner, Bajaj, Silver, Mitchell Alter, 2015). Example of the 2nd body paragraph Breast cancer is a life-threatening disease of the human body. Visible signs and symptoms include unusual enlargement of the breast, lump on the breast, tenderness of the breast, and unusual discharges from the breast. If left untreated, palliative care is the only applicable treatment applied to the patient (Moyer, 2013). Example of the 3rd body paragraph Surgical removal of the cancerous cyst is recommended for patients suffering from the disease. This includes double mastectomy so that the patient’s affected organs and tissues will no longer infect other parts of the body. Radiation or chemotherapy is the most common treatment applied to the patient along with the medication regimen as well as screening procedures (Gotzsche Jorgensen, 2013). How to finish a research paper on breast cancer It is best to finish the research paper with wrapping up what has been said and giving recommendations. This is to end the conversation between a reader and the presented research. Tips on conclusion writing Provide a detailed outline of the research regarding the pertinent data being discussed. Always use a concise way of concluding each paragraph. State your final thoughts about the main subject of the topic such as the impact of breast cancer on the society. Reveal insight corresponding to the issue is associated with the relevance of breast cancer prevalence to the society. Recommendations should be applied for the concluding paragraph, stating what can be done to prevent breast cancer development to the society. Example of a conclusion It has been concluded that breast cancer is prevalent if the patient was not aware of the proper handling of diet management and having an uncontrollable sedentary lifestyle. Even if you are at risk, breast cancer is still a disease that could affect your health and longevity. We should realize that breast cancer is a life-threatening disease and could happen to anyone who was practicing a poor healthy lifestyle. Preventive measures such as engaging in a productive dissemination and awareness program are important to increase the number of individuals who are willing to cooperate with health care professionals. Tips on research paper revision It is important to proofread before finalizing the paper this is to check all grammatical inconsistencies or grammars. Check if the sources exist online so that it is easier for the audience to have an access to the facts. Refer to your research adviser to know other issues that are needed to be changed or revised. Never consider your paper as the final output prior to your defense. Proofread multiple times as possible before submitting to the adviser or prior to defense. References Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, Bajaj RR, Silver MA, Mitchell MS Alter DA (2015). Sedentary Time and Its Association With Risk for Disease Incidence, Mortality, and Hospitalization in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.  Annals of Internal Medicine.  162  (2): 123–32.   Gà ¸tzsche PC, Jà ¸rgensen KJ (2013). Screening for breast cancer with mammography..  The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.  6: CD001877.   Moyer VA (2013). Medications for Risk Reduction of Primary Breast Cancer in Women: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement..  Annals of Internal Medicine.  159: 698–708.   Siu, Albert L. (12 January 2016). Screening for Breast Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.  Annals of Internal Medicine.  164: 279–96.

Nacl and cellular respiration Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nacl and cellular respiration - Coursework Example State of the cell determines the type of energy transformed from the available nutrients. Even though, the cell may contain salts like NaCl, the most important aspect is the locality of the cell. Working cells like root have a higher rate of respiration as compared to dormant ones like the seed cells due to extra energy stored (Meldrum 25). Nutrients in a given food substrate contain different compounds and, therefore, not only sodium chloride. Therefore, the availability of different types of nutrients results in different amounts of energy produced during respiration. This explains why energy content from carbohydrates id different from proteins and fats (Meldrum 33) One of the primary requirements of cellular respiration is oxygen availability in the breakdown of food substrate to yield energy. The oxygen has no salt component, and this, therefore, means the process can take place in any environment that has an adequate supply of oxygen (Meldrum

Ethical Dilemma in Pharmacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical Dilemma in Pharmacy - Essay Example In some states, pharmacists operate under set rules and regulations and therefore, they face ethical dilemmas when prescribing dangerous medication. This essay relies on the above scenario to discuss how pharmacists find themselves in ethical dilemmas and conclude by giving solutions on how to overcome such dilemmas. Here there is an ethical dilemma because the pharmacist is not aware of what the patient is intending to do with the injecting equipment. The patient may be planning to use the injecting equipment for purposes that may cause serious injuries or harm thus putting the pharmacist into trouble according to NHS Quality Improvement Scotland.The majority of people are currently being prescribed methadone not for drug abuse but for pain. It is true that methadone is the only type of narcotic that works under certain conditions. For instance, methadone is frequently used for relief of cancer pains or peripheral neuropathy. Therefore, the pharmacist is in an ethical dilemma since he does not know the purpose the patient is requesting for the injecting equipment. In addition, the pharmacist cannot assume that the patient is requesting for safer injecting equipment for heroin withdrawal. Now the patient calling back in the same pharmacy for safe injecting equipment can make the pharmacist think that the patient is requesting the injection equipment for something innocent. For instance, the patient’s grandmother may in need of insulin syringes. However, the preparation of methadone itself is such that the drug discourages injection. There is more than the pharmacist should do in such a situation but he should take the appropriate steps. Mostly, the pharmacist should first ask the patient why he is requesting for the injection equipment. In addition, methadone is temporary and supposedly the patient’s way off.

Final Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Final - Research Paper Example Economists and social scholars have termed the crash of the financial markets in the United States of America as a self-serving failure on the part of the regulations of the government. There were lapses and loopholes in the fiscal regulation deposed and an unimplemented by the government contributed to the financial crush. At this point and level, it may be needless to stress on the effects and impact of the financial crash since the effects and extent of the crash was felt far and wide. It however did cost the country as a whole to revive the economy such as the banks being forced to give mortgages band loans to people without proper credit worthiness record (Hartmann, Straetmans & Vries, 2004). Analysts and economic observes have raised concerns and issues such to the direction that the extent of the negative effects and consequences of the financial meltdown could have been avoided if there were proper regulations on banks and micro-credit institutions which gave out mortgages. In order to pursue this research to its logical conclusion and end, it would be imperative to gauge the macro and fiscal regulations which would be introduced along government policies to control the effects of the crash. Thus, this paper will delve into the concept and issue of fiscal policies which would be introduced hand in hand with the remedial policies by the United States government to help caution and prevent the economy in going into another financial markets crash. In principle, there are sectors and areas which would prove beneficial to this study so as to arrive at informed inference and recommendation (Hodgson, 2009). They include the policy sectors, the bank regulatory authorities and the financial markets as a whole. Therefore this research and study will seek to explore means and avenues which will caution the economy of

Puerto Rico Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Puerto Rico - Essay Example Through my research, I gained information on some places around the world which tourists categorize to be the most breathtaking amazing sites. My academic course incorporates the subject of tourism; the event enriched my understanding of Puerto Rico as a tourist location. The event is also related to my academic course in the sense that, it has served as a learning resource to me. This event, relates to the holidays we are currently having, in that, it will be a destination site during the holiday. Watching the event is more like watching Puerto Rico being advertised as a tourist destination site. This program relates to both international and global issue since people all around the world are interested with phenomenal tourist site such as Puerto Rico. Since the program acts like an advertisement tool, it influences global tourism (Dietz 87). Watching the event, made me remember, the first experience I had when I was touring the Caribbean Islands. I reminisced over the thrilling feelings I had some years back when I walked on white sandy beaches for the first time. In particular, I appreciate the fact that I got first hand and detailed information on Puerto Rico. The program, showed spectacular features on the landscape, such as different kinds of coral reefs, which I had never come through when researching on tourist sites. Through the program, I gained more knowledge on Puerto Rico’s history. The information on the landscape made me appreciate and understand some geography, because it talked of how the various physical features on the island came to be formed. (Dietz

Funding Proposal and Community Partners Research

Funding and Community Partners - Research Proposal Example tutes 50.3% of the total children population in Philadelphia, yet 73% of the total children population in the foster care in Philadelphia is constituted of black children (DAlmeida, 2013). The major problem associated with this problem is poverty. The National Bureau of Statistics has shown that the African Americans families in the USA are disproportionally poor. According to the 1999 statistics, African Americans form 12.9% of the total USA population, but the percentage of the African American families that are poor is 23.6% (McRoy, 2005). 22.9% of the population in Philadelphia lives in poverty, with 18.4% of all families in Philadelphia living under the poverty line, and most concerning, 31.3% of population under the age of 18 years in Philadelphia living in poverty (United States Census Bureau, 2010). Thus, The Humanitarian Agency seeks to support the poor families whose children have been placed in foster care in Philadelphia, as a way of facilitating the reunification of the children with their families. Children would have a better chance of realizing their destiny if they are reunited back and grow together with their families. Most families in Philadelphia are separated from their children, mostly due to the inability of the families to provide their children with a better home environment that would foster healthy children growth (United States Census Bureau, 2010). The result is trauma both to the families and their children associated with loss and separation. The requirements for reuniting the children back with their families are high and expensive for the poor families in Philadelphia. The cost of maintaining the children in foster care is also high. There is therefore a dire need to resettle the children in foster care in Philadelphia back to their homes. Thus, The Humanitarian Agency seeks to serve this community needs through: ii) Facilitate the reunification of children and their families through supporting home renting, mortgaging,

Puerto Rico Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Puerto Rico - Essay Example Through my research, I gained information on some places around the world which tourists categorize to be the most breathtaking amazing sites. My academic course incorporates the subject of tourism; the event enriched my understanding of Puerto Rico as a tourist location. The event is also related to my academic course in the sense that, it has served as a learning resource to me. This event, relates to the holidays we are currently having, in that, it will be a destination site during the holiday. Watching the event is more like watching Puerto Rico being advertised as a tourist destination site. This program relates to both international and global issue since people all around the world are interested with phenomenal tourist site such as Puerto Rico. Since the program acts like an advertisement tool, it influences global tourism (Dietz 87). Watching the event, made me remember, the first experience I had when I was touring the Caribbean Islands. I reminisced over the thrilling feelings I had some years back when I walked on white sandy beaches for the first time. In particular, I appreciate the fact that I got first hand and detailed information on Puerto Rico. The program, showed spectacular features on the landscape, such as different kinds of coral reefs, which I had never come through when researching on tourist sites. Through the program, I gained more knowledge on Puerto Rico’s history. The information on the landscape made me appreciate and understand some geography, because it talked of how the various physical features on the island came to be formed. (Dietz

Burberry clothing Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Burberry clothing - Research Proposal Example One of the companies that is fast establishing itself as a force in the market is Burberry Clothing Co. which is one of the most iconic British fashion firm. The company has been in existence for more than 5 decades, making its name as one of the most proffered clothing and general fashion company. With the advent of technology, the company has managed to create online shops from where it sells its products and reaches a number of its clients located in different parts of the world. This paper presents a marketing plan that can be used by the company in reaching its new target markets and expanding its market share. Burberry Clothing, in its new approach to the targeted markets is supposed to ensure that it makes a proper description and analysis of its markets as it rolls out its products. For instance, the company often makes clothes that fit the different people that it serves; it has clothes for men, women, children and even the old people. This is a important attribute considering that clothes and fashion are products that can be consumed by all groups of people in the market. Perhaps what the company needs to realise is the different composition of these targeted populations in terms of their demographic factors. In terms of their geography, the company will have to put in place excellent mechanisms that will enable it bridge the aspects of place utility (Greenwood 76). In this regard, the company needs to establish distribution centers in strategic places that it will find effective to enable it reach its products to those markets as soon as they are needed. The company needs to have an understanding of its clients’ needs and demands so that it can meet them effectively, for instance, some people have different purchasing behaviors that are identified from their purchase preferences. Having this understanding will enable the company to reach and consolidate its markets in the best way that will give

African American Press Essay Example for Free

African American Press Essay ?â€Å"We wish to plead our own cause. Too long have others spoken for us. Too long has the public been deceived by misrepresentation of things which concerns us dearly,† written on the front page of the first African-American owned newspaper, Freedom’s Journal. Freedom’s Journal was published on March 16, 1827 by a group of free African-American men in New York City. Freedom’s Journal was published the same year slavery was abolished in New York and was used to counter racist commentary published in the mainstream press. Samuel E. Cornish and John B. Russwurm served, respectively, as its senior and junior editors where they worked together to publish four-page, four-column weekly newspapers. Though The Freedom’s Journal was not the first African-American paper published, it was the first Africa-American owned newspaper. Freedom’s Journal consisted of news on current events, anecdotes, editorials and used to address contemporary issues such as denouncing slavery, advocating for black people’s political rights, the right to vote, and speaking out about lynching. Cornish and Russwurm desire were to give African-Americans the freedom to voice their thoughts, ideas and opinions. They sought to improve conditions for more than 300,000 newly freed men and women living in the North. They fulfilled this desire, by employing 14 to 44 agents each year to collect subscriptions. Each agent was paid $3 a year for their work. To encourage black achievements Freedom’s Journal featured biographies of celebrated black figures and continued to promote better living conditions by printing schools that were open to blacks, job offering and housing listings. Freedom’s Journal, eventually, circulated 11 states, the District of Columbia, Haiti, Europe and Canada before ceasing publications in 1829. During that time, Russwurm became the sole editor of Freedom’s Journal, after Cornish resigned in 1827. Russwurm began to promote the Colonization Movement which was frowned upon by majority of the newspaper’s readers. The Colonization Movement was a movement that was conceived by members of the American Colonization Colony where they began repatriating free African-Americans back to Africa. When the Freedom’s Journal shifted in complete support of colonization, it lost most of its readers and in March 1829 Freedom’s Journal ceased publication. Even though Freedom’s Journal existed for two years, its two years of existence helped spawn other papers. Since then, African American press has evolved and has substantially increased in the population over the years. After Freedom’s Journal, African-Americans had begun establishing and owning newspapers. It began May 1829, when Cornish attempted to revive the Freedom’s Journal under the name The Rights of All, however, the publication was not successful and failed after a year. David Walker, hired as an agent for Freedom’s Journal, became a well known, anti-slavery writer which was inspired by his experience with Freedom’s Journal. In 1830, Walker’s published his most famous publication known as Appeal which called for slaves to rebel against their masters, â€Å"†¦they want us for their slaves, and think nothing of murdering us†¦therefore, if there is an attempt made by us, kill or be killed†¦and believe this, that it is no more harm for you to kill a man who is trying to kill you, than it is for you to take a drink of water when thirsty,† (Walker). Another attempt at publication, Samuel Cornish, along with, Philip Bell, and Charles Bennett Ray launched The Weekly Advocate, January 1837. Later, the men changed the name to The Colored American March 4, 1837. The Colored American main purpose was to strengthen the moral, social, and political elevation of colored people as well as emancipation of slaves. The Colored American became well-known in the North because of the wide spread support of abolitionists, African-American churches and local abolition societies, and Caucasian allies. The Colored American published 38 articles, becoming an important paper of its time. The last edition of The Colored American was published on Christmas day in 1841. Other early African American newspapers include the Provincial Freeman, published in 1854, which was the first African-American owned newspapers to be published in Chatham, Ontario, Canada. The North Star was an anti-slavery newspaper published in 1847 by Frederick Douglas. He later agreed to merge it with the publication Liberty Party Paper with Gerrit Smith creating the Frederick Douglass’ Paper, in Rochester, New York. The National Era was published in Washington, D. C. in 1847 by the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. The Liberator was probably the best-known publication during the era, published by William Lloyd Garrison in Boston between 1831 and 1865. Other anti-slavery newspapers of note include the Friend of Man, published weekly for the New York State Anti-Slavery Society from 1836 through 1842. The Emancipator, originally known as Genius of Universal Emancipation, was one of the first anti-slavery newspapers published in the United States by Benjamin Lundy in 1819 and National. Anti-Slavery Standard established in 1840. All of these newspapers advocated for the abolition of slavery and for the civil rights of all African Americans. By the start of Civil War, more than 40 black-owned and operated papers had been established throughout the United States. After the end of the Civil War, more than 100 newspapers were beginning to publish. Many of the major African-American owned publications include, Baltimore Afro-American, also known as The Afro, was founded by a former slave, John H. Murphy, SR. , in 1892. Today, The Afro is the longest-running African-American, family-owned newspaper in the United States. The Chicago Defender was founded by Robert Sengstacke. Abbott on May 5, 1905. The Chicago Defender included writing pieces from the well-known Langston Hughes, Gwendolyn Brooks and Willard Motley. The Pittsburgh Courier an African-American newspaper published in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1910. The Pittsburgh Courier became the most widely circulated newspaper in America for African-Americans. During its peak, the Pittsburgh Courier circulated around 450,000 publications, with more than 400 employees in 14 cities. The Pittsburgh Courier discussed major issues impacting African-American communities. It campaigned against segregation and poverty, and promoted the social advancement of blacks. In the 1930s, the Pittsburgh Courier urged Black voters to vote Democrat, creating a political alliance that still exist to this day. Other publications includes, The Philadelphia Tribune (1912-2001), Atlanta Daily World (1931–2003), Cleveland Call Post (1934-1991), Los Angeles Sentinel (1934–2005), New York Amsterdam News (1922–1993), and Norfolk Journal and Guide (1921-2003). With African-American newspaper publication on the rise, organizations to help promote the publication began to form to support African-American journalist. In 1940, Robert Sengstacke Abbott, founder of Chicago Defender, along with other African-American publishers, organized the National Negro Publishers Association. The members of the National Negro Publishers Association worked together, â€Å"harmonizing our energies in a common purpose for the benefit of Negro journalism†, (Sengstacke). Today, the National Negro Publishers Associations is composed of more than 200 black newspapers in the United States and the Virgin Islands. In 1975 in Washington D. C. , 44 African-American journalists founded the National Association of Black Journalists. The National Association of Black Journalist’ purpose was to provide quality programs and services to and advocate on behalf of black journalists. These organizations are still going strong today and have contributed greatly to the African American population. Today, there isn’t a firm count of how many African American newspapers circulating the United States, however, according to Allied Media Corporation, an ethnic marketing firm, they have listed 250 newspapers in circulation. The National Newspaper Publishers Association, better known as the Black Press of America, assist in the publication of African-American owned newspapers, counts more than 200 black-owned newspapers as its membership. As you can see, since the Freedom’s Journal, the number of newspaper publications has increased. It began with the main purpose being that Africa-Americans would stick together to fight the constant oppression they were under. Now that we don’t see African-American oppression, as we did then, publications has different focal points. Many of the newspapers provide news and insight on African-American culture, including a variety of perspectives from leaders, celebrities, trendsetters and great minds from the African-American community. The Freedom’s Journal created a new stepping stone for the African-American population. It provided the platform for issues and concerns pursuant to ensuring our rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and to preserve a legacy of black conservatism for generations to come. References 2, M. A. (n. d. ). Early African American and Anti-Slavery Newspapers | Marjory Allen Perez. Genealogy Family History | Search Family Trees Vital Records . Retrieved August 1, 2013, from http://www. archives. com/experts/perez-marjory/early-african-american-and-anti-slavery-newspapers. html Black Newspapers Listing | The Network Journal. (n. d. ). Black Business | Black News, Career Ideas for Black Professionals. Retrieved August 1, 2013, from http://www. tnj. com/lists-resources/black-newspapers-listing David Walker, 1785-1830. Walkers Appeal, in Four Articles; Together with a Preamble, to the Coloured Citizens of the World, but in Particular, and Very Expressly.

The Pharmaceutical Industries Facing Challenges Commerce Essay

The Pharmaceutical Industries Facing Challenges Commerce Essay In last few years pharmaceutical industries facing challenges because of economic downturn, increased healthcare cost, rise development cost, pharmaceutical sales in the market, increased competition for generic drug products, regulatory pressure cause weak US pharmaceutical growth. Few blockbuster drugs come to the market Because of decreased New Chemical Entities (NCE) research, development marketing. Pharmaceutical manufacturing sector plays serious role in US economy. Manufacturing and Good Distribution Practice (GDP) for pharmaceutical drug products decreases as compare to last few years. But at the same time, Chinese share increases up to 17%. It is important part of US economy, but manufacturing is no more prevailing part of US economy. Finally some industries adapted few solutions to overcome problems. Analyst focuses on commercial view of the companies and gives some advice that will use in current market and successful future. Objective Small scale large scale manufacturing companies have to think about their production in growing global market. The main object of topic is to evaluate and observe future of the manufacturing practice in global market by creating model. Due to growth of market, companies have to reduce manufacturing cost to stand in competition, raise profits and market share on expanding goal audience. They create new drug products in the market and maintain required quality of the drugs with low cost to hold their regular customer and attract new customers. Figure 1 Frame Work Diagram Global Environment Companies are going to preplan before any outsider affect the manufacturing process of the drug product. Company can aware of market economy, globalization, latest technologies develop in manufacturing field, demographics etc. Strategic Responses Strategic response in pharmaceutical manufacturing is used in production flexibilities, create design of new drug product, new manufacturing process with newly discover drug products, connection with internet which gives good communication between employees and data. SME Recommendations In last step, more focus on prescription information then description information. Main focus of prescriptive strategy is on customer satisfaction, market scenario, newly develop technologies in the pharmaceutical field and networking. Business Strategy First of all companies are aware of market, competition, relative drug manufacturing, material and employment costs, governments legal policies as per countries rules. Create a plan and criteria to achieve successful marketing, saving money and revenue, highly trained staff new technologies with freshly set goals in business sector. It includes financial investigation, business fact, material sourcing, stock management, manufacturing, in process management, distribution, promotion and marketing management. Changes in the global market is very quick so by using metrics and management guidelines to improves business strategies, add and improve necessary information in business. Management can give change to every employee for their individual suggestion to improve business strategy. [1] Growing Environment Manufacturing of one drug product is difficult task to do. Because it to difficult to understand demand of the drug product in coming few years. Company may invest millions of dollars for new drug manufacturing, its approval, marketing and promotion. If drug cannot pass in clinical trial because of its undesired adverse effects more than its benefit, so company has to spend money and time to solve this problem. Company spent 3 to 4 years and billions of dollars for building facility for particular type of drug product and there is no security that the new product is à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“cost effectiveà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ and capable enough to fit in companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s criteria profitable enough for the company. [2] Generic drug companies do not face these types of problems and also the margin of profit is less as compare to the Brand Name Drug Company. Just in Time (JIT) in manufacturing Just in time is a pull method of production. Just in time is applied in drug manufacturing process which is used to decrease in process methods and time. JIT is suitable production arrangement when: [3] Specific number of the products prepared by manufacturing process Drug products with high value Less time setup for drug on machine Highly trained staff and flexibility in work Standard product with stable production Quality of the product can be ensured Just in time is used to improve drug product quality and effectiveness. Particular level of the raw material which is specified by the company is decrease at the particular level then company can order new raw materials in the company so it helps to save space in warehouse and reduce to check physical and chemical test of the raw materials. Firstly it was used in ford motor company by Henry Ford. [4] It basically focuses on management and how to implement supply chain in to the specific manufacturing process. JIT gives clear increase in liquid asset of the company by creating tax free and cash flow. Company launch new drug product in to the market at that time low output time is beneficial for unexpected increase in drug requirement. Long output time is normally making detail list of all the items in  stock of the drug product before increasing the demand of product. If we can use JIT in pharmaceutical manufacturing which is not good decision because company has to spent more money to create sturdy method. So we can say that if generic drug product companies use JIT approach is beneficial to them as compared to Brand Name Drug Company. Margin of the saving money by the generic drug product companies are less then Brand Name Drug Company. [5] Weakness of JIT JIT normally used in highly automatic drug production but not in custom made item. Every one relies on others because they are mutually dependent to each other. Weakness of JIT affects on supply chain and it become more costly. It causes drug market fluctuation, improper stock, lack of communication in every stage and also may leads to decrease drug production. [6] Sometime small quantity of material has been used to overcome defective drug product result. If supplier is not going to supply raw material in time to the company, it cause delay in production and distribution. Particular space is used for finished product so surprising order creates problems in finished product department. Global Pharmaceutical Market Figure 2 Global Pharmaceutical Industry Nowadays growth of pharmaceutical markets in the world is 4 to 6% expected value is $825 billion. As per the experts review, growth of pharmaceutical market is increase up to 4 to 7 % by 2013. And expected value of the market increase up to $975+ billion by 2013. In recent scenario, pharmaceutical markets are growing fast in the region of Asia-Pacific. It is because of very low cost and favorable environment with contract manufacturing and generic drug production. Increased in Reach and Development market in this region was helped to gain money up to US $187 billion in 2009. Now limited companies are involved in R D program. Sometime Research Development takes more time as expected so budget increases but company cannot increase product cost due to government policies. As a result companies are not spending time for new drug Research Development. Most recent growing pharmaceutical companies are in India, China, Indonesia, South Korea, and Malaysia due to less cost of the drug prod uct, less labor cost, good health insurance strategies as compare to the US market and it is beneficial to the company for its growth. China possibly becomes biggest pharmaceutical market in the world. India is the 3rd largest manufacturer of pharmaceutical drug product in the world. Expected growth of the pharmaceutical industries in global market in coming years is in China and Russia because they have strong support of government. [7] Demographic in pharmaceutical market With the help of research we can know the demographic review, macroeconomic indicators, disease analysis etc. It is used to know the strategies in the market and successful possibilities in the global pharmaceutical market. Some topics which helps in demographic survey such as: Analyst View Basically analyst checks all details of clinical research study, evaluate them if any problem in machine, human error, quality control system, in process methods etc, arrives in the study, in that case they can overcome the problem and improve with the help of specific method. It helps to save money by increasing product quality. [8] Control in operating cost How to improve quality with less cost of the drug product is very challenging in pharmaceutical market. Understanding cost approach is used to increase margin of the drug manufacturing. Pharmaceutical industries have to take active steps in order to control cost. Cost of Research and Development increases upon discovery of new blockbuster in the market. Attracting and holding skilled workers In pharmaceutical industries, experience and knowledge in the employees is very important. People who are working in the industries are skilled with good knowledge about market, excellent communication skill, Professional behavior, unity, able to manage work load etc. affect the growth of company. Labor cost of the United States is very high as compare to China India. [9] Pharmaceutical Companies facing Challenges Pharmaceutical companies are facing challenges to develop high quality of drug product with less cost due to increase population in the world. To create quality of the drug products give less yield and high market cost, as a result consumer may not use drug product. To solve this problem company has to create new production formulas. They spend billions of dollars for its research; developments, approval, advertisement and marketing with less drug cost without compromising gross send on R D. Companies have to face some geo-political situation. For example; AIDS is major problem in the world. Governments are demanding strict attention on AIDS and give pressure to pharmaceutical companies to search develop new drug product which is used to cure AIDS. Brand Name Drug Company has to face some challenges because after the patent expiry they are allowed new product in to the market, so other companies create same drug which are equivalent to brand name drug in all aspects is called as Ge neric Drugs. Generic manufacturer do not have to get time and money for R D, as a reason generic drugs are less costly. Market share of Brand Name Drug is declines due to generic drug. Health insurance promotes the generic drug use among the consumers for saving bills as a result less research on new drugs. Following are some solution which helps to overcome some challenges facing by pharmaceutical companies. Figure 3 Some Solution stack Alignment with Pharmaceutical Trends Aspirations Pharmaceutical solution provides new and unique method for solubility profile based on drug properties and modifying some process for drug development. These solutions provide management capabilities through various processes leading to progress in work for high level of efficiency. It is very flexible and applies enough in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, DP and Biotechnological drug manufacturing. With the help of true SOPs, we can check manual errors done by employees evaluate it and create a new process how to solve this problem. ISA-95 and ISA-88 is used to define challenges face by clients in management, process analysis, in its data, in schedule etc. Conclusion As per my opinion JIT is very useful system for manufacturing company with wide consignment, suitable material with quality, employees, and different types of equipments can always accessible when required. JIT decreases product waste and provides good quality of products which is prepared by manufacturer, supplier and consumer. In short, JIT is a one of the Ladder with continuous stages of loyalty to do job in proper way in growing global market. Nowadays pharmaceutical industries face many challenges of surviving in this global market. Generic manufacturer are facing competition for generic products, force for restrict drug price due to government policies and increase RD cost due to governmental demands. Active pharmaceutical Ingredients production began in china and India before few years.

Pepsin and its Funciont as a Gastric Gland Cell :: essays research papers

A gastric gland is a tubular structure in the vertebrate stomach that secretes gastric juices. The gastric glands have three types of cells that secrete different components of the gastric juice. One of them is being a chief cell, which is a rust color and is an inactive form of the digestive enzyme Pepsin. Pepsin begins the digestion of proteins in food. Pepsin is a Peptidases, which is an enzyme that breaks peptide bonds of proteins.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pepsin is found in the mucosal lining of the stomach that breaks down the protein in the food we eat. A protein is an organic compound that consists of aminio acids joined by peptide bonds. Pepsin is one of three principal protein- degrading enzymes in the digestive system the other two being chymotrypsin which catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds and trypsin that acts with the other proteins to break down dietary protein molecules to their peptides and amino acids which will be absorbed by the intestinal lining. Pepsin is synthesized in an inactive form in the stomach lining; it is necessary to convert the inactive enzyme and to maintain the optimum acidity (pH 1–3) for pepsin function.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secreting pepsin in the inactive form of pepsinogen helps to protect the cells of the gastric glands, and mucus helps protect the stomach lining from both pepsin and acid. Pepsinogen and HCl are secreted into the interior of the gastric gland. Then HCl converts pepsinogen into pepsin. Then pepsin activates more pepsinogen starting a chain reaction. Pepsin begins chemical digestion of proteins. It splits the polypeptide chains of proteins Into smaller polypeptides. Polypeptide chains are chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. This primes the proteins for digestion in the small intestine.

How Internet Affects Life Essay

Nowadays, the use of Internet is increasing especially among adolescence or more accurately, students. The Internet issue is discussed by the adults and parents. Most of them are worried that the use of Internet is dangerous to their kids. Some others said that Internet may bring benefits to their children especially to those who will be sitting for an examination. On my opinion, Internet has both benefits and drawbacks. First of all, let me talk about the benefits first. As we know, Internet is mostly used by students. By surfing internet, students can visit various websites to assist their studies. The examples of popular websites are tutortv.com , unicliq.com , and tutor.com.my. They can visit the websites and revise their studies in more exciting way. Some of them are free. Students can visit it anytime they want. The websites also provide useful notes and exercises. At the same time, students can get additional information that they cannot find it in books. For instance, they can go to ‘Google’ or ‘Yahoo’ search engines to search for more ideas to write an essay. In short, Internet provides vast informations and knowledge which is very beneficial for the students. Next, Internet also provides lots of social networks such as Facebook , Twitter, MySpace and many other. Through these social networks, we can add more friends and make new friends. We can also know friends from other country as these social networks are used internationally. Other than adding friends, we can also strengthen our relationship with our friends and family who are staying far away from us using Skype. We can see them in front of our eyes eventhough they are actually far away from us through web camera. Besides, Internet also offers entertainment. We canwatch videos of our favourite artists by just one click through ‘Youtube’ website. We can also watch favourite movies without paying. Plus, there are many artists born from ‘Youtube’. So, fans can know more about the artists from Youtube. Meanwhile, 4shared.com provides tracks, videos and files that can be  downloaded for free! Internet users can enjoy themselves at anytime watching their favourite artists’ performance for free. Internet doen not only offersbenefits for students but also to those who want to gain more money. It also provides business opportunities. As for example, mudah.my gives a wide room for surfers to promote anything they want to sell. Through this, people with no job can gain money and support their lives by doing the online business. However, as I said earlier, Internet also brings bad effects to its users. Firstly, it can encourage cyber crimes. Besides that, students who spend too much time on Internet may neglect their studies and do not finish their homework. This should be avoided as studies are important especially to teenagers. Although Internet can add more friends to our list, yet, it still can develop anti-social behaviour. Not all of the users use Internet to make friends, someof them only play video games or just sit down wayching videos on Youtube. They will only sit and ignore what is happening around them. The worst thing is, they may not realise that there is an earthquake out there! This anti-social behaviour may leads to health problems. The users will just stay at home and sit in front of computer and this will cause them to be lazy couch potatoes. It will also lead to obesity. Next, most students will not attracted to surf knowledgeable websites, but wasting their time on other non-beneficial things. Wasting timeon Internet can cause students to neglect their studies. Not only time is wasted but also money. With the uses of more electricity non-stop, utility bills may increase dramatically. We just not pay for the electric bills but also internet monthly bills. The conclusion is, everything has its own benefits and drawbacks. However, it depends on how we are using it. If we spend more time using it for benefits, we will get positive effects. But if we use it more to non-beneficial things, we will get negative effects. So, it depends on you.

Ferdinand de Saussure Essay

†¢The origin of Language †¢Features of Language †¢Knowledge of Language †¢Linguistics †¢Branches of Linguistics †¢Approaches to Linguistic Studies †¢Schools of Linguistics THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE †¢The divine source †¢The natural sound source o Primitive words o Cuckoo, splash, rattle, hiss, buzz oâ€Å"Bow-wow theory of language origin.† †¢The social interaction source †¢The physical adaptation source †¢The tool-making source †¢The genetic source oChild development à ¨ Automatic oDeaf children à ¨ Fluent users of sign language à ¨ innateness hypothesis oWe are born with a capacity for speaking/using language †¢(See Yule, Ch.1; Fromkin et al., Ch.6) MAJOR FEATURES OF HUMAN LANGUAGE 1-Communicative : function of language is to communicate 2-Vocal : human vocal organs are used 3-Human : sophisticated use of language is unique to human species 4-Social : it Ä ±s used by the members of a community 5-Natural : Ä ±t is a natural phenomena 6-Changeable : it can and will change trough time 7-Rule-governed : there are systematic rules in it. 8-Product of mind : it is the product of mental operation 9-Arbitrary : no systematic relationship between form and meaning 10-Creative : language is used creatively MINOR FEATURES OF LANGUAGE 1-Language , unless recorded, flies away the movement we speak it. 2-Self-talk is a form of language 3-We talk in our minds : inner speech 4-We can not help but to process and understand what we hear. 5-Language can be used by some to xert their power over others. 6-Language is used for cultural preservation and transmission . 7-Language is varied : not monolithic. 8-The direction of changes in language is not predictable. 9-Language is personal as well as social. 10-Language is a means for mental and social development. 11-Language is a predictor of social identity. 12-Language reveals patterns of how mind works. 13-All languages have the same potential for development KNOWLEDGE OF LANGUAGE †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"I know English.† †¢Produce individual sounds and combining them (Phonetics & Phonology); †¢Form and dividing words (Morphology); †¢Combine these words into phrases and sentences (Syntax); †¢Understand the meaning of words, phrases and utterances (Semantics); †¢Use the language appropriately in different contexts (Pragmatics). Language is an arbitrary and changeable set of vocal symbols which are cognitively formulated, and socially used for human natural communication. Linguistic knowledge is knowledge about language which is acquired unconsciously. LINGUISTICS †¢ Linguistics is the scientific or logical examination of any aspect and property of language including the influences of language on any sphere of life. BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS †¢MICRO-LINGUISTICS ïÆ'ËœPhonetics (Fonetik) ïÆ'ËœPhonology (Ses Bilimi) ïÆ'ËœMorphology (Dil Bilimi) ïÆ'ËœSyntax (Sà ¶z dizimi) ïÆ'ËœSemantics (Anlam Bilim) †¢MACRO-LINGUISTICS ïÆ'ËœPragmatics ïÆ'ËœSociolinguistics ïÆ'ËœHistorical-linguistics ïÆ'ËœPsycholinguistics ïÆ'ËœNeurolinguistics ïÆ'ËœAnthropological Linguistics ïÆ'ËœApplied Linguistics APPROACHES TO LINGUISTIC STUDIES †¢Descriptive-Prescriptive †¢Diachronic-Synchronic †¢Reference Grammar †¢Teaching Grammar †¢Theoretical Grammar SCHOOLS OF LINGUISTICS Traditional Linguistics †¢Based on study of Latin †¢Applied to other languages, e.g. English, French †¢19th C. Jacob Grimm, Max Mà ¼ller, Henry Sweet Structural Linguistics †¢Ferdinand De Saussure †¢Linguistics features as abstract system governing speech †¢Langue and parole †¢While language is regarded as language system stored in the mind of its speakers, parole is conceived as the actual language behavior Transformational -Generative Grammar †¢Chomsky †¢Every language has a finite set of rules to produce infinite number of sentences; †¢ Phrase structure rules and generative rules; †¢Deep structure and surface structure; †¢Structure over meaning; †¢Competence and performance.