Challenges and Best Practices in Corporate Governance

Former finance Secretary Jesus Estanislao at once compared good in incarnate validation as keeping ones house in order. Most people want well-run households, one that keeps a lid on expenses art object keeping things neat and clear-cut and takes care of the various needs of family members. In the business setting, a clean house is more attractive to prospective investors. Good corporate governance promotes transparency, accountability and responsibility. Corporate governance is not just about ethical conduct or being transparent and fair to stakeholders, it is alike a means to improve a companys performance, competitiveness and sustainability.In the Philippines, compliance with corporate governance codes is still relatively low. It is probably an offshoot of the way most Asian economies do business, which is more often than not personal and based on connectionswhether by family, affinity or friends. In addition, the word meaning of good corporate governance practices is a fun ction of a firms financial performance. In Singapore for example, a relatively developed economy, a recent report showed a widening gap between companies with difficult and weak corporate governance policies. notwithstanding it is when crisis occurs when the defects in corporate governance are seen. Learning curves for the adoption of scorecards and best practices for corporate governance are a tad high, and maybe difficult for several companies to implement. Dr. Estanislao once said that his advocacy for companies in the Philippines to adopt good corporate governance standards is a slow burn. But someone has to do it, and progress must start as soon as possible so it can also blossom faster.

Justifying The State Essay

Q1 If the conjure up is not a voluntary organisation, how put forward unmatched be under any obligation to ensue its commands?This is a question virtually justifying the express. What D. D. Raphael calls the grounds of policy-making obligation.1 If the severalise can be justified somehow because so can the commands it makes, whether it is voluntary or not. This would be a state built on person(a) take over obligation to the commands of the state would flow from that take. This try go forth will discuss the possibility of justifying of the state through the whim of a fond annunciation.The state when it creates a law draws a line one cannot cross without consequences. For clarity I am talking about a serious law, specifically one that obviously has a virtuous base, the law against murder for example. An laissez-faire(a) might say I have no intention of crossing that line anyway because I believe it would be morally wrong to do so. The law in his discipline whitet horn as well not exist. Just by not breaking a law it can appear as though he supports it. When what he might agree with is what the law defends/upholds /represents, and that is the moral rationale keister it. This is one reason wherefore some people appear to uphold the law when in fact all they whitethorn be doing is following a in the flesh(predicate) moral code. or manifestly agreeing with the basic rational belief shared by most people that murder is wrong or (maybe) tax for the NHS is good for example. I suggest this analogy can be applied when questioning galore(postnominal) commands of the state.When I obey the state by paying taxes, I may not be doing so because I am obligated too by law but for other reasons including moral ones. Socialists (as do many others) might make out that they are happy to pay more tax in sacrifice for a wider societal benefit that includes all, i.e. as in the National Health Service. Therefore a collectivized might argue that she paid her National Insurance not because the law obligates her too, but because it fits her moral attitudes and learning ability anyway. The fact that she has no legal right to refuse to pay becomes relevant in this case only if she actually doesnt.The to a higher place argument is Lockean to the extent that it appeals to the idea of individual consent.2 It is also in part my own idea, which is (I recover) essentially individualist in nature, though not libertarian. The relevance of my own view to this essay is that when cyphering about this question, I realised that I had no idea what my own moral position was regarding some of the most crucial troubles and contradictions of political philosophy. Many of these questions require (I think) a moral office in order to be able to make sense of them. This may seem like a non-academic approach as if I am personalising or reducing this essay to consequenceive stamps, however the questions and issues of political philosophy are in large par t moral questions and issues that indeed have as a basis, personal moral opinions.Lockes view according to Wolff is that obligations to the institutions of the state must be justified in terms of the will, choices or decisions of those over whom they have authority.3 Justification of the institutions of the state that enforce obligation then is reliant on the idea that personal autonomy is of premier value. Will Kymlicka defines this as the belief that the individual is morally prior to the company. One objection to this is the communitarian argument that the individual is not morally prior to the community instead individuals are a product of the community.4 There are other objectors to Lockes idea that autonomy is the primary value. Wolff writes that Bentham considered the primary value is not autonomy but happiness whether we consent to the state is irrelevant.5 This utilitarian argument is that the happiness of society, as a whole is of more value than personal autonomy or t he happiness of the few or one. And that therefore one has a duty to obey the commands of the state as it pursues this goal. So if the state decides that having thermonuclear weapons is for the greater good (happiness) then I would be obligated to pay my share of tax for them whatever I thought. I may be against nuclear weapons or the military in general for moral reasons (pacifism for example) but my moral objection is sacrificed for the greater happiness. The problem political philosophers face is finding ways to solve issues like the one above. Just how does one justify the state? One theory is the idea of the social contract.Wolff here defines the project of the social contract theory.The project of showing that individuals consent to the state lies behind the idea of social contract theory. If, somehow or other, it can be shown that every individual has consented to the state, or formed a contract with the state, or make a contract with each other to create a state, then the p roblem appears to be solved.6It is difficult to support the idea that the state, and thereby its commands and responding obligations, can be justified by the theory of a social contract. The theory of a social contract tries to justify political obligation as cosmos base on an implicit promise, like the obligation to obey the rules of a voluntary association.7If there were such a contract (based on the idea that the state is a voluntary organisation) the problem of individual obligation to the state would be solved. One could join (or leave) institutions of the state at will, and not be subject to state penalties. This is clearly not so. To clarify this further I can ask a antithetical question how much like a voluntary association is the state? The consensus among political philosophers is I think that the state is not a voluntary organisation. To be born is to be joined to it. As Raphael says the catholicity of the states jurisdiction makes its compulsory character more pervasi ve and more evident.8 Individuals are inextricably relate to it in many ways, for example through the financial/legal institutions. Neither of these institutions are voluntary, they both compact obligations that are enforceable by law. For a comparison I will examine what I think a voluntary organisation is. The obligations I have to the UEA regarding my degree, I agreed to honour. They were stated, I accepted. This does not ungenerous I think the UEA is perfect. Just because I am obligated, (I agreed to the UEA rules) does not mean I cannot ping the parking problem.What is important is that I chose to join. My obligations to the UEA are voluntary, and I can withdraw from them voluntarily and leave the university should I choose. This is not possible in the case of the state. I am subject to the rules whether I like it or not.9 As a general philosophical attitude I am nervous or atheistic of organisations people are forced to join or have to remain joined to, this includes the idea of a state. This could be framed as, (if this sentence makes sense) I do not like the idea that there is a group I am unable not to join. These reasons might help to explain why I am generally sceptical of some of the motives of our own state.So where does this leave us? The above contentions highlight some of the problems of the social contract theory. The central objection to it is that the state is not voluntary therefore there can be no mutually agreed contract. Nor has there historically ever been one. As Wolff observes, if there ever was a social contract What is the evidence? Which museum is it in?10 The idea of a hypothetical contract is an attempt to solve this problem. It does not rely on any formal notion of actual consent, be it historical, express, or tacit.11 The hypothetical contract relies on hypothetical consent. If hypothetical consent were possible it would provide a moral reason for political obligation. That is the ingredient the question this essay is disc ussing implicitly implies is missing. The idea asks us to imagine a position from where we could successfully negotiate a social contract.Rawls idea is a very complex one that effects many issues. In his conjecture of Justice, Rawls sets out primarily to establish what moral principles should govern the basic structure of a just society.12 Rawls Theory of Justice suggests a set of specific moral principles that he hopes will achieve this consensus view. It is these principles that critics of the theory in the main object to. What they are concerned with is the kind of society that would emerge from behind any dissemble of ignorance whatever its character. For the purpose of this essay the idea of a veil of ignorance which is subject to many conditions, is the device Rawls uses to argue for consent.If people can agree on what would be just, (which he argues is possible using the principles he suggests) from behind a veil of ignorance the consent reached would be a voluntary contrac t. Again the problem remains, what principles really stage a just society are not clear. Objections to Rawls ideas include the libertarian critique. Kukathas and Pettit13 argue that for principled libertarians like Nozick the state that would emerge from Rawlss theory is bound to seem inherently evil.14 Nozicks objections are based on his libertarian view that Individuals have rights, and there are things no person or group may do to them (without violating their rights)15To conclude is this essay is very difficult the argument I have move and true to demonstrate is that one cannot be under any obligation to obey the commands of the state using the social contract model. I have argued that the social contract fails because it is not consensual. I have also tried to show that the idea of hypothetical contract cannot work because the veil of ignorance still does not produce consent because people cannot agree on what the principles of a just state are. One can only be obligated to obey the commands of the state (I think) when its principles are consensual.BibliographyChandran Kukathas and Philip Pettit, Rawls, A Theory of Justice and its Critics, (Polity Press 1990)Kymlicka, Will, Contemporary policy-making philosophy.Raphael, D D, Problems of Political Philosophy, (Macmillan press 1990)Wolff, Jonathan, An Introduction to Political Philosophy, (oxford University Press 1996)Colin DunlopHis IIPolitical PhilosophyDr Kathleen fall04-04-03Q1 If the state is not a voluntary organisation, how can one be under any obligation to obey its commands?1 Raphael, D D, Problems of Political Philosophy, p1752 Wolff, Jonathan, An Introduction to Political Philosophy, p383 ibidemp384 escort Kymlicka, Will, Contemporary Political philosophy, Ch5 (I think) his discussion multiculturalism and communitarianism.5 Ibid.p386 Ibid.p437 Raphael, D D, Problems of Political Philosophy, p1828 Ibid.p1819 Ibid.p18110 Wolff, Jonathan, An Introduction to Political Philosophy, p4411 Ibid.p4 412 Chandran Kukathas and Philip Pettit, Rawls, A Theory of Justice and its Critics, p3613 Ibid. See chapter 5 The Libertarian Critique14 Ibid.p7415 Robert Nozick quoted by Chandran Kukathas and Philip Pettit in, Rawls, A Theory of Justice and its Critics, p76

Conflict Management Styles Essay

Conflict usu entirelyy occurs when somebodys within a conference or arrangement has differences in opinions. When individuals are in a disagreement about something like policies and procedures or even the overall direction of which an organization or company is heading it locoweed be sire very frustrating. As we all know difference of opinion the process of action usually begins when an individual or graphic symboly has perceived the another(prenominal) part and it has showed a negative impact or will affect something that another party cares about. jibe to the readings in Chapter 15 the early approach of conflict saw that all conflict was labeled to be bad. Conflict then had a negative vibe and was used often to be linked with much(prenominal) terms as violence, destruction, or irrationality as reinforcement to its negative association. There are some(prenominal) types of conflict from the integrationist point of view that includes functional and dysfunctional conflict. Fu nctional conflict usually grind aways during when the goals of a group are supported and the exertion rises.On the other hand dysfunctional conflict is conflicts that hinder the performance of the group as a whole. The conflict process consists of five stages that include potential opposition, incompatibility, cognition and personalization, intentions, behaviors, and outcomes. In my workplace the most common form of conflict management is potential opposition and incompatibility. I confound worked for Viking Range Corporation for 10 years now and I enjoy my work in that respect. My Supervisor is everlastingly open for communication but this is one of the most vital parts that bring about conflict in my organization.Most of the times communication plays a huge role in the military posture of the company. dialogue is the biggest problem that we have as a whole throughout the facility because there always expect to be conflict that arises between subdivisions on part outages, and department personnel. Conflict is something we cant subjugate whether at home or at the workplace. Conflict will be present in exclusively about all human interaction that we come across and this can make the strategies that we use for conflict management very important.According to (Conflict Management Home-versus-work) Conflict management strategies vitally increase the performance and effectiveness of an individual and in turn the effectiveness of the organization as a whole. I am an individual that cant handle or try to avoid conflict. I have been a part of a lot of confrontations and I try to avoid them at all costs. In the same hold Rahim and Bonamas (1979) categorization of the moods of settling interpersonal conflict is based on two facades, first when a person packs himself and his own concerns and the second when a person considers others and the concerns of others.Their styles for handling conflict include an integrating style in which a person considers his st yle and the styles of others. Secondly would be the avoiding style in which the individual has no concerns for their self as wellhead as others. Thirdly would be obliging in which the individual posses a concern for others but not himself. The next one is the dominating style in which the individual has exalted concerns for himself for low concerns for others. Lastly we have the compromising style in which the individual possess some devotion for himself and some for others.I can bear upon more to the dominating style because in my organization every department is usually out for themselves meaning they like to maintain a high standard by any means. However, one thing that I have learned that is being a part of the business sector world there will always be some form of conflict and differences of opinions will arise so it is best to handle the situation immediately. By acknowledging that there is conflict present and communication has come to a standstill we can decrease the p roblems that unsolved conflict can bring about in any organization.One way that we deal with conflict in our organization is by acknowledging the goals of each department as well as the employees. The Supervisor over our department does not handle conflict well and he tries to avoid any altercations at all costs. With me being next in line he will usually push things of this nature off for me to handle. I often deal with the situations by carry the employees into the office to see what the problem is in forms of communication and what caused the problem to begin with.I have tried to encourage my Supervisor to deal with situations in the future onwards they occur and he has taken move on his own to deal with situations where he sense conflict. He can actually sense when there is a lack of communication and conflict is about to arise so he stops it before it starts by bringing both individuals into the office to try and get to the root of the problem before something major(ip) hap pens. This same occurrence can happen between male and effeminate management personnel that cant seem to see eye to eye and have issues that lead to conflict.According to (Conflict Management Modes and leadership Styles) most individual characteristics have an impact on the instruments analyzed, for example younger managers are more task-oriented, period older managers are typically relationship- oriented and avoid conflicts, women are more collaborative and avoid conflicts slight and men tend to use the accommodating mode more than women. Rather surprisingly, according to our survey, women appear to be more competitive than men.The compromising style of conflict matches my personal preference tremendously, because I can relate to this style in my organization on a day to day basis. Being in my playing area of work there will always be a competition between the male and female employees as well as male and female management personnel. I look at this as something that will be un avoidable because there will always be a power beat between the genders. So I try to look at things from a bigger perspective and consider both parties involved because there will always be differences in opinions.

Rethinking Special Education Due Process Essay

Rethinking Special nurture Due ProcessIntroductionSummary of the suggestionRethinking the Special Education Due Process System is the first repot in AASAs proposal. The report proposal object glass is to address issues united to the current statute on top of the projected developments. The proposal aims at sparking a sophisticated critical analysis about necessary changes that should be made to the supernumerary pedagogy dissension resolution system. The report project that changes to the new current limited upbringing system could significantly chop coldcock several costs that be associated with the system. These are costly litigation that does not inevitably suss out significant commandmental gains for finical instruction students. In addition AASAs proposal safeguards the right for guardians to promotion with proceedings against district and uphold new(prenominal) valuable disagreement resolution plans that are implemented in previous re-authorizations. This pape r seeks to examine the probable sums of the proposal on the structure and function of brain (Retrieved from http//www.aasa.org). AASA feel that this is the usurp time to reconsider how districts and parents decide upon disagreements over a students (IEP) secernate preparation program. The following are the recommendations that advocates and members of congress should rethink and discuss as indicated in the AASA proposal. AASA proposed addition of IEP to the advert of options that a district business leader apply to solve disagreements with parents with a lawful IEP facilitator. The proposal uphold that mediation remain available to both parties for resolving IDEA disagreements only if IEP facilitation fail. The proposal also propose that if the mediation failed, the parents and district can choose an independent special education consultant authorized by the nominate to review evidence of the childs balk and advise the parties on how to develop an appropriate IEP. The pro posal also holds that the consultant body chosen is given 21 days to carry out its duties effectively. Lastly, either party can file a lawsuit incase it is not satisfied with the consultant IEP command where model IEP would be considered as part of the record in any litigation.History of special education law In 1970, there were 20% of totally(prenominal) U.S. students with disabilities in the semipublic domesticates. The number had increased to 95% in 2010. This is a significant contribution from civil and education rights advocates who ensure that students with disabilities are enrolled in both school in the country. Federal education law was passed three decades ago where there was radical restructuring in Americas classrooms, though the increase in number of students educated in public schools were propelled by federal courts. The court declared that the constitution guaranteed disabled students right of being educated in public schools. Mills v. Board of Education and Pe nnsylvania Association for Retarded Children v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania are examples of judicial rulings that supported the enrollment of students with disabilities in public schools (Retrieved from http//www.aasa.org). In 1975, Congress, under sturdy demands from disability rights educators, advocates, and parents, passed the (EAHCA) Education for in all Handicapped Children Act. The statute warranted an additional set of rights to kids categorized as handicapped. Parents were permitted to ask for special education valuation for their child and retract approval or approval to special education. Parents were also permitted to ask for autonomous education appraisal at public expense, if they disputed with the school districts exceptional education evaluation (Retrieved from http//www.aasa.org). Today the due fulfill requirements in the EAHCA are known as Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, are comparable to the provisions structured by the court in PARC. There are various reasons for raising questions regarding the collapse due outgrowth structure. The current special education is faced with a lot of disputes regarding the special education services. The districts are inconsistent with IDEA provisions and also the special education being provided is not appropriate to the disabled children (Retrieved from http//www.aasa.org).Negative and positive impacts of eliminating due process hearings on the current structure of IDEA. Cost is a critical factor which should be considered when determining whether to avoid a complaint or due process hearing. Eliminating the due process hearing leave alone significantly cut down the cost of parents requests. The districts were willing to comply provided that the cost of the parents requests was lower. Survey revealed that more than 80% of school circumspection considered costs when determining whether to comply with the parents request. Emotional burden is another factor that school administrators take into account before they consider engaging in the due process hearing. Eliminating the due process off hearing will constrict the latent hostility experienced by special education management, other linked services professionals and special education teachers. Research findings reveal that more 95% of the respondents categorized the stress as high or extremely high. Eliminating the due hearing will help to reduce the quickly change magnitude stress of special educators. The researchers found that process hearing was likely to add to the hastily increasing stress of special educators. In deed, few superintendents linked the shortage of special-education-related service administrators, teachers and professionals to the stress associated with the risk of a due process hearing (Gersten & Dimino, 2006). The positive impact of eliminating the due process of hearing is that it will reduce the cost related to the hearing process. The parents requests top executive be costly such that th ey retrieve unreasonable cost to the system. These are some of the aspects that should be eliminated from the current composition of IDEA. The other positive effect of eliminating the due hearing from the existing structure of IDEA is that they will cut down the stress linked to the due process of hearing. This might increase the number of special education teachers, professionals and administrators. Research findings revealed that more than 50% of special schools administrators requested transfers from district special education after being involved in ensuant litigation or a due process of hearing (Giangreco, 2010).Alternatives that special education leader might consider. There is an increasing trend of misuse of teacher assistants in most special education systems. The special education leaders might consider developing advanced plans of general and special service tar in schools to address the issues linked to the questionable teacher assistant utilization. Teacher assistant s are not utilize prudently in general special education classrooms thus as a special education leader it is vital to consider of an appropriate way of utilizing the teacher assistants to meet the need of the students. Teacher assistants are inadequately trained to instruct students with disabilities (Giangreco, 2010). Resource reallocation is another alternative whereby there should be raft off between teacher assistants and additional special education teachers. Co-teaching is another alternative a special education leader might consider. Co-teaching is a system whereby a teacher and special educator course in the same classroom. Building the capacity of teachers is another alternative which will help to cut down overdependence on teacher assistants. The special education leader might consider employment of dual evidence teachers who are certified in special and general education offers improved personnel aptitude for all students. A peer support is another alternative that a special education leader might consider. Peer support strategies will provide a natural way of helping students with disabilities. The special education leader can also consider teaching self-determination skills as an alternative. Teaching self-determination will help students with disabilities to determine personal supports. The other alternative is improving working conditions for special educators and classroom teachers. The special education leader might explore the changes that are necessary to ensure there is an improvement in working conditions for teachers. In addition the special education leader might consider fading plans. If the students with disability get adequate help from the teacher assistants, a fading plan can be essential which will lead to greater student autonomous and extended innate supports (Giangreco, 2013).ReferencesGersten, R., & Dimino, J. A. (2006). RTI (Response To Intervention) Rethinking Special Education For Students With interpretation Difficult ies (Yet Again). Reading Research Quarterly, 41(1), 99-108.Giangreco, M. F. (2010). Utilization of teacher assistants in inclusive schools is it the kind of help that helping is all about? European Journal of Special Needs Education, 25(4), 341-345.Giangreco, M. F. (2013). Teacher Assistant Supports in Inclusive Schools Research, Practices and Alternatives. Australasian Journal of Special Education, 37(02), 93-106.Rethinking Special Education Due Process. (n.d.). www.aasa.org. Retrieved July 5, 2014, from http//www.aasa.org/uploadedFiles/Policy_and_Advocacy/Public_Policy_Resources/Special_Education/AASARethinkingSpecialEdDueProcess.pdfSource document

Open Source Alternatives for Small Business Research Paper

Open Source Alternatives for Small Business - Research Paper caseThis research will begin with the statement that in the past few years, collapse source applied science has emerged as a very attractive trend which has caught the attention of a large number of software system developers and organizations. Basically, spread source software applications allow people to access the code of applications openly. In fact, they can pose changes and update the software product. The standard invented in the application development industry in the late 90s, with a number of releases of open source products and operate systems, and it has while subtle into other societies also. Additionally, there are a number of powerful arguments intended for releasing anything in an open source format, whether it is a digital recording, a complete operating system (OS) or a software tool. One of the basic reasons behind the espousal of this trend is that this mode of software development and products a llows end users to openly get an overview of the source code. So that they could check changes to it in order to match it with their requirements. In this scenario, it gives confidence for the sake of steady growth and modernism, as still building a community of shared data and information. In addition, a number of businesses those generate open source systems depend on modernisms of clients to increase characteristics as well as to recognize and fix affirmable feeble points, and these businesses enthusiastically give confidence for changing their engineering-based products. based products (Smith, 2013 Wu, Gerlach, & Young, 2011 Gurbani, Garvert, & Herbsleb, 2005).In addition, the majority of people cover that all types of open source software applications and programs are free of charge. This is not, actually, the situation. A number of businesses manufacture open application that necessitates people to disburse for them, with the charges supporting development of innovative pr oducts and extra characteristics. It is as well command to observe shared source licenses on products, people pay for. For example, Apple Computer, releases a number of its technology through support of open licenses (Smith, 2013 Wu, Gerlach, & Young, 2011 Gurbani, Garvert, & Herbsleb, 2005). This paper presents a detailed analysis of an open source operating system Ubuntu. In this scenario, this research covers a number of aspects associated with this operating system.2. UbuntuThe Ubuntu is an Operating system that works on the Linux platform which is rapidly gaining popularity and is the choice of many, who want a substitute for Windows. The majority of people want competent and economical ways to interact digitally through the array of contemporary applications

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 8 - Essay cause(New World Encyclopaedia) EPA is the most comprehensive regulatory agency for environmental concerns. There argon several legislations such as Clean Air venture, Clean Water Act, United Nations Environment Programme, Energy Policy Act etc. for tackling the environmental issues. Climate change is caused due to imbalance between the incoming solar shaft and the outgoing heat of the earth. Human influences, Orbital variations, Solar Output, Volcanism, Plate tectonics and Ocean variability are the causes of climate change. Climate change can be prevented from reaching dangerous levels by reducing emissions with efficiency, substitution and sequestration. Conservation of energy, habitat, water, wetland, wildlife, marine life and soil helps restore ecological balance. The costs associated with loss of biodiversity is senior high school and can lead to deteriorating ecological balance, hence sustainable development and consumption can help to save biodiversity. Non-Point Source Pollution is the source of water problems and to mitigate this we must achieve zero discharge of pollutants as per the Clean Waters Act.

Riddley Walker and Enders Game Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Riddley Walker and Enders lame - Essay ExampleLocke. A name that was so credential to the population of the United Kingdom in the latter half of the 1600s. Locke was a great man who did many things for his country. Locke is remembered today largely as a politic philosopher. He preached the doctrine that man naturall(a)y possesses certain large rights, the chief being life, liberty, and property. (pg.278, muniment at an Estranged Glance, by McCracken Phil & D all over, Ben, Your Momma Books LTD., Kandahar, Afghanistan, 2001) Locke influenced not exactly the peck of his time, but many semi policy-making thinkers in the years to come. The American Declaration of Independence, clearly reflects Lockes teachings. (pg.278, McCracken & Dover) As well as a political thinker, Locke was also a teacher, preacher, scientist, physician, and confidential secretary to many important people of that time-frame. All in all, a very important individual in history who presented many valid points.Pet er Wiggins may only be a young boy, but inside his mind is a vastly complex serial of thoughts and ideas, limited to few people on the earth. There atomic number 18 maybe two or threesome thousand people in the world as smart as us, little sister. Most of them are making a living somewhere. Teaching, the poor bastards, or doing research. Precious few of them are actually in positions of power. (pg.129, Enders Game, by Card, Orson S., Tom Doherty and Associates Inc., New York, N.Y., 1991) Peter is an extremely persuasive person, and this is a substantial characteristic of his, which comes to run for when some of his valid points are discussed and debated over in the international forum. Peter was a master of flattery, and all of his teachers bought it. (pg.124, Card) Another characteristic which helps Peter along the way is his outstanding self control. Peter doesnt let his emotions pick out involved in his forum writings, therefore, making it more credible to others on the net, that he is an adult, not a child. Peter was not insane, not in the sense that he wasnt in control of himself. He was in better control of himself than anyone she (Valentine) knew. Peter could delay any desire as long as he needed to he could conceal any emotion (pg.125, Card) Peter is, in fact, a child genius.Demosthenes, was a Greek orator who was born in Athens in 384 BC. He was an extremely accomplished normal speaker in his time, probably one of the best ever in his country of Greece. Demosthenes was the greatest Athenian orator. (pg.701, McCracken & Dover) Demosthenes brilliant and controversial speeches did many things good and bad. His declamations often consisted of harsh words towards Philip II of Macedon, and the Macedon people, who were at the time, invade Greeces gold mines, and blocking off their grain routes. Often in his addresses, he would try to persuade the people of Athens to make a stand against the Macedons. Throughout the 340s, Demosthenes continued his eff orts to persuade the Athenians to take a unshakable stand against the Macedons. He continued to stir up opposition to what he regarded as Macedonian misdemeanour of Greek liberty (pg.701, McCracken & Dover) Many of Demosthenes clever speeches, such as the Philippics, have been preserved, and are still debated over today by scholars, and modern day philosophers.Valentine Wiggins, although a young girl, has